Daily GK Update- 5th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Election Commission of India Introduces New Initiatives to Improve Electoral Rolls and Voter Convenience: The Election Commission of India has introduced new steps to improve voter rolls and make voting easier. These changes align with plans discussed by Chief Election Commissioner Shri Gyanesh Kumar in a meeting with other Election Commissioners in March.The Commission will now obtain death registration data electronically from the Registrar General of India in line with Rule 9 of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 and Section 3(5)(b) of the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969 (as amended in 2023).This will ensure that the Electoral Registration Officers (EROs) receive timely information about registered deaths. This will also enable Booth Level Officers (BLOs) to re-verify the information through field visits, without waiting for a formal request under Form 7.To make Voter Information Slips (VIS) more voter friendly, the Commission has also decided to modify its design. The serial number and part number of the voter will now be displayed more prominently, with increased font size, making it easier for voters to identify their polling station and for polling officials to locate their names in the electoral roll efficiently.

 

2. NITI Aayog Releases Report on “Enhancing Competitiveness of MSMEs in India”: NITI Aayog, in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness (IFC), released a comprehensive report proposing systemic reforms to unlock the potential of India’s Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) across key areas like finance, skilling, innovation, and market access.The report identifies sector-specific challenges in textiles, chemicals, automotive, and food processing, and emphasizes the need to integrate MSMEs into global value chains through improved policy implementation and data-driven strategies.While access to formal credit for MSMEs improved between 2020 and 2024, with credit access rising from 14% to 20% for micro and small enterprises, a large credit gap remains—with only 19% of credit demand met and ₹80 lakh crore unmet.Key challenges include a shortage of skilled workforce, limited investment in R&D and quality improvement, and barriers to technology adoption due to weak infrastructure, poor internet connectivity, and lack of awareness of existing government schemes.The report recommends a robust, adaptive, and cluster-based policy framework at the state level, with a focus on digital marketing training, logistics partnerships, and direct market access, especially in northeastern and eastern regions with high growth potential.

 

3. NITI Aayog and GAME Form Strategic Partnership to Foster Localized Entrepreneurship Ecosystems Across India: GAME and NITI Aayog have announced a strategic partnership aimed at fostering place-based entrepreneurship ecosystems in India, with pilot sites in Nagpur, Visakhapatnam, and Uttar Pradesh, and plans for nationwide expansion.The partnership will bring together local entrepreneurs, government bodies, corporates, educational institutions, financial organizations, and community groups to create tailored solutions that address regional challenges and drive economic growth.Ishtiyaque Ahmed, Programme Director at NITI Aayog, emphasised a bottom-up approach focusing on collaboration with local entrepreneurs and addressing their unique needs to build self-sustaining ecosystems.GAME has been empowering over 300,000 entrepreneurs since 2018 through access to finance, capacity-building programs, and policy advocacy, and the collaboration with NITI Aayog aims to create innovative solutions for entrepreneurship and inclusive growth.

 

4. Jubilant Beverages gets CCI nod to acquire 40 pc stake in Hindustan Coca-Cola Holdings: Fair trade regulator CCI cleared Jubilant Beverages’ proposal to acquire a 40 per cent stake in Hindustan Coca-Cola Holdings Pvt Ltd (HCCH).The proposed combination relates to inter alia, JBL (Jubilant Beverages Ltd) proposed acquisition of 40 per cent of the shareholding of HCCH from Hindustan Coca-Cola Overseas Holdings Pte Ltd, and Bharat Coca-Cola Overseas Pte Ltd.HCCH is a holding company with no independent activities in India and belongs to the Atlanta-based The Coca-Cola Company group. Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages (HCCB) is a subsidiary of the HCCH.

 

5. Ms. Anuradha Prasad Takes Oath as UPSC Member: Veteran civil servant Ms. Anuradha Prasad, a 1986-batch officer of the Indian Defence Accounts Service, took the oath as Member of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), administered by Lt. Gen. Raj Shukla (Retd.), the seniormost member of the Commission.She brings over 37 years of diverse experience in public policy, finance, labour, defence acquisitions, and inter-governmental relations, and has played a key role in national initiatives such as the Labour Codes, e-Shram Portal, and Covid-19 worker welfare programs.An alumna of Lady Shri Ram College, University of Delhi, and University of Birmingham (UK), Ms. Prasad has also served post-retirement as Member of the Police Complaints Authority, Delhi.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India and Denmark sign renewed MoU: India and Denmark renewed their MoU to strengthen cooperation in clean energy, supporting India’s goal of net-zero emissions by 2070 through technology sharing and knowledge exchange.The updated agreement now includes advanced areas like power system modeling, EV charging infrastructure, cross-border electricity trade, and integration of renewable energy.The MoU was originally signed in June 2020 and set to expire in 2025, but this early renewal ensures continuity of joint clean energy efforts between both nations.

 

2. India’s First WAVES 2025 Concludes in Mumbai: India’s first World Audio Visual Entertainment Summit (WAVES) 2025 concluded at the Jio World Convention Centre in Mumbai.The four-day summit, was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The summit witnessed participation from over 90 countries, with more than ten thousand delegates.The event covered a wide range of discussions, focusing on crucial themes such as artificial intelligence in media and entertainment, the globalisation of media, the future of content creation, and the profound impact of emerging technologies.The cultural programmes during the four-day summit mesmerised the audience, which highlighted India’s vast artistic diversity through traditional folk dances, martial arts displays and vibrant drumming performances.

3. 1 May – International Labour Day: International Labour Day, also known as Labour Day or May Day, is celebrated globally on 1 May to honor the achievements of workers and their contributions to the development and prosperity of society.Theme 2025 – Justice for Africans and People of African Descent through ReparationsThe day commemorates the Haymarket affair in Chicago on May 4, 1886, where laborers fought for an eight-hour workday. The workers were protesting against the harsh working conditions and demanding better rights and wages.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Air Marshal N Tiwari takes charge as Vice Chief of Air Staff: Air Marshal Narmdeshwar Tiwari took charge as the new Vice Chief of the Air Staff. He succeeded Air Marshal S P Dharkar.

Before taking charge as the Vice Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal Tiwari served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOC-in-C) of the Gandhinagar-based South Western Air Command (SWAC).He was commissioned in the fighter stream in June 1986. An alumnus of the National Defence Academy, he passed out as the President’s Gold Medallist.

 

2. India to Join Australia, Japan, and US in Talisman Sabre 2025 Military Drill: India will participate for the first time alongside Australia, Japan, and the United States in the multilateral Talisman Sabre 2025 military exercise.The 2025 edition will be the 11th iteration of this joint military exercise, which involves complex operations across land, air, sea, cyber, and space domains.The war games, traditionally held in Australia, will also take place in Papua New Guinea in July 2025, marking a significant shift in the exercise’s location.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Legend Kapil Dev joins Sobo Mumbai Falcons as brand ambassador for T20 Mumbai League: Former Indian cricket captain, Kapil Dev, has been named the brand ambassador for the Sobo Mumbai Falcons team for the 2025 T20 Mumbai League season.The third edition of the T20 Mumbai League will commence on May 26 at Wankhede Stadium, with eight teams competing in 20 matches until June 8, featuring cricket stars like Suryakumar Yadav, Ajinkya Rahane, and others.

 

2. Cricket retained, MMA to debut at Asian Games 2026: Cricket has been retained for the Asian Games 2026, which will be held in Aichi and Nagoya, Japan from September 19 to October 4.Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) will make its debut at the 2026 Asian Games, marking its first appearance in the event.Cricket first appeared in the Asian Games in 2010 and returned in 2014 and 2023; since 2023, all matches have been granted international status by the ICC.

 

 

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Tamil Nadu Launches India’s First Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme to Boost Exports and Employment: Tamil Nadu becomes the first state in India to introduce a dedicated Electronics Components Manufacturing Scheme, aiming to attract Rs 30,000 crore in investments and generate 60,000 jobs.The state government will offer matching grants to complement Union government incentives, targeting manufacturers in sub-segments like HDI boards, display assemblies, and lithium-ion cells.Tamil Nadu’s electronics exports have surged from $1.66 billion in FY21 to over $14.6 billion in FY25, establishing the state as India’s largest electronics manufacturing export base.The scheme is part of Tamil Nadu’s broader policy framework, including the Tamil Nadu Semiconductor and Advanced Electronics Policy (2024), aiming to attract global and Indian firms in the electronics sector.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. India’s Total Exports Grow by 6.01% to Reach Record $824.9 Billion in 2024–25, Up from $778.1 Billion in 2023–24: RBI Report: India’s total exports hit an all-time high of US$824.9 billion in FY 2024–25, marking a 01% growth over the previous year’s US$778.1 billion, according to RBI data.Services exports were the main growth driver, reaching a record US$387.5 billion in 2024–25 — a 13.6% increase from the previous year, with March 2025 alone seeing 18.6% year-on-year growth.Non-petroleum merchandise exports also surged to a historic US$374.1 billion, reflecting a 6.0% rise from US$352.9 billion in 2023–24, making it the highest ever annual figure for this category.

 

2. RBI Fines ICICI Bank, Bank of Baroda, IDBI Bank, and Bank of Maharashtra for Regulatory Non-Compliance: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has fined four banks, including ICICI Bank and Bank of Baroda, for non-compliance with regulatory guidelines.ICICI Bank was fined Rs 97.80 lakh for failing to comply with RBI’s directions on Cyber Security Framework, KYC, and credit card and debit card issuance protocols.Bank of Baroda was penalized Rs 40 lakh for not adhering to RBI’s guidelines on financial services and customer service practices.Both IDBI Bank and Bank of Maharashtra were penalized Rs 31.8 lakh each for non-compliance with directions related to Kisan Credit Card schemes and KYC procedures.The RBI clarified that the penalties were imposed due to deficiencies in regulatory compliance and not to question the validity of any transactions or agreements with customers.

 

Daily GK Update- 4th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. ANRF’s MAHA-EV: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has initiated the Mission for Advancement of High-impact Areas on Electric Vehicles (MAHA-EV). This initiative responds to the urgent need for innovation in India’s electric vehicle ecosystem. The mission focuses on overcoming critical challenges in electric mobility. The primary goal of MAHA-EV is to enhance research and development in the electric vehicle sector. The mission targets three key technological verticals – Tropical EV Battery and Battery Cells, Power Electronics, Machines and Drives, and EV Charging Infrastructure. Each vertical addresses specific challenges in the electric vehicle landscape. Seven electric mobility nodes (e-nodes) have been selected to drive the MAHA-EV mission. These e-nodes include the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and the National Institute of Technology Surathkal. Each e-node will collaborate with industry partners and academic institutions to execute their projects effectively.

 

2. New Rules for Biological Resource Benefit Sharing: The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) of India has introduced new regulations for the sharing of benefits derived from biological resources. The Biological Diversity (Access to Biological Resources and Knowledge Associated thereto and Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits) Regulation 2025 was approved by the Central Government and notified on April 29, 2025. This regulation aims to enhance the management of biological resources and replaces the previous guidelines established in 2014. The regulations specify benefit-sharing slabs based on the annual turnover of the user. Users with an annual turnover exceeding ₹1 crore must submit a statement detailing the resources utilised each year. For high-value biological resources, the minimum benefit share is set at 5% of the proceeds from sales, which can increase to over 20% for commercial applications.

 

3. Mangar Bani: Researchers have identified a variety of prehistoric tools dating back to the Lower Palaeolithic era. These findings provide vital information about the lives of early human populations who inhabited this area. The tools, including handaxes and cleavers, belong to the Acheulian cultural phase, dating from 200,000 to 500,000 years ago. Archaeologists have uncovered nearly 200 artefacts in the Mangar area. These tools are crucial for understanding the daily lives of hunter-gatherers. The findings suggest that the region was site for prehistoric human activity. Researchers have also discovered cave paintings that likely belong to the Upper Palaeolithic age. These paintings depict animal and nature motifs, indicating the artistic expressions of early humans.

 

4. Baglihar and Kishanganga Dams: India is progressing on four hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir. These projects are expected to be commissioned by 2027-28. They include Pakal Dul, Kiru, Kwar, and Ratle. The implementation involves a partnership between the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation and the Jammu and Kashmir State Power Development Corporation. Both the Baglihar and Kishanganga dams have faced legal challenges from Pakistan. The World Bank has been involved in mediating disputes over the dams. Past rulings have generally favoured India’s position. However, Pakistan continues to express concerns about the operational impact of these projects on its water rights.

 

5. Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project: The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) in Telangana, once hailed as a revolutionary initiative for water management, is now embroiled in controversy. The National Dam Safety Authority’s (NDSA) recent report has revealed alarming structural issues within the project, leading to intense political disputes and raising concerns about its viability. The project’s initial cost was estimated at ₹82,000 crore, but it has escalated to over ₹1.47 lakh crore. Telangana is now burdened with annual repayments of ₹16,000 crore, straining state finances. This financial overreach raises questions about the project’s economic viability.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Druze Community: The ongoing conflict in Syria continues to reveal deep-seated sectarian tensions. Recent clashes near Damascus have involved Islamist factions, security forces, and the Druze minority. Syria has endured over a decade of civil war. The Assad regime initially regained control of major cities and highways. However, regions like Idlib and areas inhabited by the Druze remain outside government control. The civil war has left Syria fractured along sectarian lines, with various factions vying for power. Violence erupted after an audio clip surfaced, allegedly featuring a Druze cleric criticising Prophet Mohammed. This incited anger among Sunni Islamists, leading to attacks on Druze community members. Armed Druze fighters responded, escalating the conflict in areas such as Jaramana and Sweida.

 

2. Turbidity Currents: These fast-moving underwater flows can be triggered by geological events. The implications for marine ecosystems are deep, necessitating urgent action against pollution. A turbidity current refers to a fast-moving underwater flow, typically composed of water mixed with dense sediments, that travels swiftly down a slope. Although most commonly associated with water, turbidity currents can also occur in other fluids. Natural examples include snow and rock avalanches, volcanic pyroclastic flows, and lava flows made up of molten rock and debris.

 

3. FATF Grey List: FATF maintains a grey list of countries under increased monitoring. Pakistan was removed from this list in October 2022 after it made commitments to strengthen its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) measures. Being placed on the FATF grey list can severely affect a country’s economy. It leads to increased scrutiny from international financial institutions. Countries on this list often face difficulties in securing foreign investments and loans. This economic pressure can impact Pakistan’s financial stability, particularly in light of its recent aid package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The FATF plays important role in shaping international relations. Countries often rely on FATF ratings to gauge each other’s commitment to combating terrorism financing. India plans to engage with key FATF member states to gather support for its initiative against Pakistan. This marks the interconnectedness of financial practices and diplomatic relations.

 

4. Cheetah Corridor Project: The primary goal of the corridor is to improve genetic diversity among cheetah populations. By connecting isolated wildlife reserves, the project aims to reduce habitat fragmentation. This will enable cheetahs to roam freely, find mates, and thrive in their natural environment. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) endorse the project. Their assessments indicate that the Kuno-Gandhi Sagar landscape is ideal for cheetah habitation. This scientific backing reinforces the project’s credibility.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Igla-S Missiles: India’s air defence capabilities are being enhanced with the recent acquisition of Russian-origin Igla-S missiles. These portable, shoulder-fired weapons are designed to target low-flying enemy aircraft, drones, and helicopters. The Indian Army has received these Very Short Range Air Defence Systems (VSHORADS) as part of a Rs 260 crore emergency procurement contract. This move comes in response to increased security threats along the western border, particularly following a recent terror attack. The new supplies of Igla-S missiles are crucial for the Indian Army’s operational readiness. They are deployed in forward formations to counter threats from enemy aircraft and drones. The Indian Army has also initiated a tender for additional launchers and missiles to further strengthen its air defence capabilities.

 

2. Abdali Weapon System: Recent developments have escalated tensions between India and Pakistan following a terror attack in Pahalgam. Recently, Pakistan conducted a successful training launch of the Abdali Weapon System. This surface-to-surface missile has a range of 450 kilometres. The test aimed to assess operational readiness and validate the missile’s advanced navigation system and enhanced manoeuvrability. The Abdali missile was first tested in 2001-02. It is named after Ahmed Shah Abdali, an Afghan ruler known for multiple invasions of India in the 18th century. Pakistan often names its missiles after historical Muslim conquerors, including the Ghaznavi, Ghauri, and Babur missiles.

 

3. INCOIS Launches Submarine Cable: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has initiated a submarine cable project to enhance long-term observations of the Indian Ocean. This project, supported by the international scientific community, will improve the understanding of ocean dynamics, seismic activity, and tsunami risks. The initiative involves the installation of a 150 km cable west of Wandoor in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, featuring advanced sensors for oceanographic and geophysical data collection. The Tsunami Ready Odisha (TRO) project is designed to boost coastal community resilience. It aims to raise awareness and preparedness among residents to safeguard lives and property against tsunami threats. This project is linked to UNESCO’s Tsunami Ready Recognition Programme, which prepares communities to respond effectively to tsunami warnings.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Repairability Index Framework in Mobile Electronics Sector: The Repairability Index (RI) framework in the mobile and electronics sector has been established to enhance consumer rights and promote sustainable practices. The initiative aims to empower consumers by providing clear information on the repairability of products. This comes in response to increasing complaints regarding repair difficulties for mobile devices. The framework aligns with global best practices while supporting innovation and ease of business for manufacturers. In September 2024, the Government of India formed a committee to develop the RI framework. The committee was chaired by Shri Bharat Khera and included stakeholders from various sectors including major tech companies, industry associations, and consumer advocacy groups. The RI framework aims to make repair information accessible and transparent.

 

2. Microgravity’s Impact on Human Thermoregulation: As humanity contemplates future manned missions to such distances, understanding human physiology in microgravity becomes crucial. Recent research from the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) marks challenges in thermoregulation, the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal temperature, in microgravity environments. Thermoregulation is vital for maintaining optimal body temperature. In space, the body’s response to temperature changes is altered due to microgravity. Factors such as age, fitness, and body composition affect how individuals regulate temperature. Understanding these variations is essential for astronaut health during long-duration missions.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. IMO’s Net-Zero Framework: The IMO’s compliance structure features a two-tier system. This system allows for differential pricing on remedial units. Shipowners must meet specific greenhouse gas intensity (GFI) targets. Non-compliance will lead to penalties or the need to purchase credits. The direct compliance target mandates a 21% reduction in GFI by 2030, escalating to 43% by 2035. The Net-Zero Framework will supplement, not replace, existing regulations like the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the FuelEU Maritime regulation. Current obligations under these frameworks remain intact. The potential for future alignment between EU rules and the IMO framework is under discussion to prevent regulatory conflicts. The framework is inclusive of various alternative fuels. It acknowledges the role of transitional technologies like LNG. Currently, LNG dual-fuel vessels represent portion of the alternative fuel-capable fleet. Continued recognition of LNG as a transitional fuel is vital for maintaining its commercial viability.

 

Daily GK Update- 3rd May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. ‘Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India’ Report: The NITI Aayog has recently released a report titled ‘Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India’. It was developed in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness, outlines strategies to unlock the potential of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. The report identifies systemic reforms necessary in financing, skilling, innovation, and market access to boost MSME competitiveness. The report marks the need for targeted interventions in high-growth regions, particularly in northeastern and eastern India. Developing platforms for direct market linkages can enhance MSME competitiveness.

 

2. Private Member’s Bills (PMBs): PMBs are introduced by individual MPs from both ruling and opposition parties. Unlike government bills, PMBs reflect personal convictions and constituency needs. They are typically discussed on Fridays, a day designated for such legislative activities. However, disruptions and adjournments have hindered their progress. The ‘Right to Disconnect’ Bill introduced by Supriya Sule in 2019 is a prominent example. It aimed to protect employees from work-related communication outside of official hours. Although it did not advance, it initiated a national dialogue on work-life balance. Another notable PMB was the ‘Rights of Transgender Persons’ Bill, which became the first PMB to pass in over four decades.

 

3. Palamu Tiger Reserve: The relocation of Jaigir village marks milestone in conservation efforts at Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR). This initiative aims to reduce human impact on wildlife habitats. The new location for Jaigir is near Polpol village, just outside the core area of the reserve. This relocation is part of a broader strategy to enhance the living conditions of both wildlife and local communities. The vegetation in Palamu consists of both moist and dry deciduous forests, primarily featuring Sal and bamboo. The area is rich in biodiversity, hosting key species such as tigers, Asiatic elephants, leopards, and sloth bears. The diverse ecosystems support a variety of wildlife, making it crucial for conservation efforts. The relocation of villages is expected to enhance the habitat for these species by reducing human interference.

 

4. Delhi School Education Fee Regulation Bill 2025: The Delhi School Education Transparency in Fixation and Regulation of Fees Bill, 2025 aims at regulating fee structures in private unaided and government-aided schools in Delhi. Approved on April 29, 2025, the bill seeks to address rampant fee hikes and enhance parental involvement in educational financial matters. The legislation is a response to numerous complaints from parents regarding unauthorized fee increases and harassment over unpaid dues. The primary objective of the bill is to create a transparent framework for fee regulation. It aims to restore trust among parents by increasing their representation in fee-related decision-making processes. The bill proposes strict penalties for schools that violate fee regulations, with fines reaching up to ₹10 lakh.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India’s Climate Warming Trends: India’s climate has undergone changes over recent decades. The country has warmed by approximately 0.6°C since the 1950s. This increase is notably less than the warming observed in the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Recent satellite data from NASA marks this trend, raising questions about its implications. During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, India experienced a notable reduction in aerosol levels. A study revealed that this decrease led to a drop in night-time land surface temperatures by 2-4°C. This unexpected outcome challenges existing assumptions about the relationship between aerosols and temperature. It marks the need for more research on temperature dynamics in India. Air pollution in India poses severe public health risks. Estimates suggest that air pollution causes 1.5 to 2.1 million excess deaths annually. Respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and complications during pregnancy are linked to poor air quality. The health impacts are immediate and severe, necessitating urgent action.

 

2. FATF Grey List: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an international body established in 1989 during a G-7 summit in Paris. It acts as the global watchdog for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. India became an observer in the FATF in 2006 and attained full membership in 2010. FATF maintains a grey list of countries under increased monitoring. Pakistan was removed from this list in October 2022 after it made commitments to strengthen its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) measures. Being placed on the FATF grey list can severely affect a country’s economy. It leads to increased scrutiny from international financial institutions. Countries on this list often face difficulties in securing foreign investments and loans. This economic pressure can impact Pakistan’s financial stability, particularly in light of its recent aid package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Multi Influence Ground Mine (MIGM): India has recently achieved milestone by successfully test-firing the Multi Influence Ground Mine (MIGM). This advanced underwater naval mine is developed to enhance the Indian Navy’s operational capabilities against modern stealth ships and submarines. The test, conducted by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in collaboration with the Indian Navy, signifies a leap in India’s defence technology amid rising regional tensions. The MIGM is an indigenously designed naval mine developed by the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory located in Visakhapatnam. The project involves collaboration with various DRDO laboratories and production partners, including Bharat Dynamics Limited and Apollo Microsystems Limited. The mine is equipped with sophisticated technology to detect various marine vessel signatures.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Neuralink’s Speech Restoration Technology: Neuralink, a neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk, has made strides in restoring communication for individuals with severe speech impairments. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the company a Breakthrough Device Designation for its innovative brain-chip technology. This designation is awarded to medical devices that promise more effective treatment for life-threatening conditions. Neuralink aims to assist individuals affected by various neurological disorders, including ALS, stroke, and cerebral palsy, in regaining their ability to communicate. The Blindsight chip is an experimental device designed to restore vision. It bypasses the eyes and stimulates the brain’s visual cortex directly. This technology could potentially help individuals who have lost their vision entirely, including those who have been blind from birth. The chip has already been implanted in its first human subject, showcasing its groundbreaking potential.

 

2. ECINET Digital Platform: This initiative aims to unify over 40 existing mobile and web applications into a single interface. The ECI’s goal is to enhance user experience for voters, election officials, political parties, and civil society. The platform is expected to serve nearly 100 crore electors and streamline electoral processes across the country. ECINET will provide a seamless user experience. It will allow users to access all electoral services from a single point. This will ease the burden on voters and officials who currently navigate multiple applications. The platform is designed to be user-friendly with an aesthetic interface, making it accessible to a wider audience.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Re 1 Crop Insurance Scheme: The Maharashtra government scrapped the Re 1 crop insurance scheme. Launched in 2023, this scheme intended to ease the financial burden on farmers by charging only Re 1 as a premium. However, it became mired in allegations of irregularities and a staggering rise in bogus claims. The Re 1 crop insurance scheme was introduced to provide affordable insurance to farmers. The government subsidised the majority of the premium costs. This initiative aimed to increase insurance coverage among farmers and protect them from crop failures. However, the scheme quickly attracted a flood of applications, raising suspicions about its integrity.

 

Daily GK Update- 2nd May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Jharkhand’s OBC Data Collection for Local Quotas: The triple test consists of three steps. First, a dedicated commission must conduct an empirical inquiry into backwardness in local bodies. Second, the commission specifies the required reservation proportion. This ensures that reservations do not exceed legal limits. Third, the total reservation for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and OBCs combined must not surpass 50% of total seats. This framework was established in a Supreme Court ruling in March 2021. Jharkhand established its OBC Commission in June 2023. The Commission’s members studied the implementation of the triple test in Madhya Pradesh. Data collection began in December 2024, with a deadline in March 2025. Some districts failed to meet this deadline. However, the complete data reached the Commission recently. This data will be used to create a final report for further analysis and verification.

 

2. Replacement Level Fertility: Recent studies indicate that the conventional replacement level fertility (RLF) of 2.1 children per woman may not suffice to prevent human extinction in many developed regions. Researchers propose a revised fertility threshold of at least 2.7 children per woman. This shift stems from concerns about population sustainability and the implications of declining birth rates. Replacement level fertility is the number of children each woman must have to maintain a stable population. Traditionally set at 2.1, this figure accounts for infant mortality and ensures each generation replaces itself. However, new research suggests this level is inadequate in certain contexts, particularly in developed nations.

 

3. Rising Temperatures and Mortality Trends in India: Recent studies reveal alarming trends in mortality linked to extreme temperatures in India. Over the past two decades, nearly 35,000 deaths have been attributed to heat and cold exposure. This data marks the urgent need for targeted policies to mitigate these risks. The research indicates that heatstroke is a more cause of death than cold exposure, particularly affecting men. The study recorded 19,693 deaths from heatstroke and 15,197 from cold exposure. The year 2015 was particularly deadly, with severe heatwaves and cold spells leading to 1,907 and 1,147 deaths, respectively. Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha, and West Bengal had the highest heatstroke-related deaths, while Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Haryana, and Jharkhand were most affected by cold exposure.

 

4. Palamu Tiger Reserve: The relocation of Jaigir village marks milestone in conservation efforts at Palamu Tiger Reserve (PTR). This initiative aims to reduce human impact on wildlife habitats. The new location for Jaigir is near Polpol village, just outside the core area of the reserve. This relocation is part of a broader strategy to enhance the living conditions of both wildlife and local communities. The vegetation in Palamu consists of both moist and dry deciduous forests, primarily featuring Sal and bamboo. The area is rich in biodiversity, hosting key species such as tigers, Asiatic elephants, leopards, and sloth bears. The diverse ecosystems support a variety of wildlife, making it crucial for conservation efforts. The relocation of villages is expected to enhance the habitat for these species by reducing human interference.

5.Inscription from Vikramaditya I Era: Recently, archaeological discovery was made at Madapura Lake in Nyamati taluk, Davangere district. An inscription dating back to the 7th century AD was unearthed. This inscription, measuring five feet in length, contains 17 lines in Old Kannada script. It is attributed to the reign of Vikramaditya I of the Badami Chalukya dynasty, who ruled from 654 to 681 AD. The finding adds valuable vital information about the administration and social organisation of that period. The inscription reveals an administrative act by Singhavenna, an officer under Vikramaditya I. It records the waiver of taxes for local villagers, denoting welfare initiatives. Additionally, it notes a land donation of six acres for lake construction, showcasing early landholding patterns and community structures.

 

6. Punjab-Haryana Water Dispute: The water-sharing conflict between Punjab and Haryana has escalated sharply, following a recent decision by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB). The BBMB ordered the release of 8,500 cusecs of water daily from the Bhakra dam to Haryana, igniting fierce backlash from Punjab. This dispute marks the complexities of water resource management in India, particularly in the context of agricultural needs. The Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) allocates water from the Sutlej river system. Each state receives a specific share based on historical agreements. Punjab claims that Haryana has exceeded its allocated water usage, raising concerns over equitable distribution.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. FATF Grey List: The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is an international body established in 1989 during a G-7 summit in Paris. It acts as the global watchdog for combating money laundering and terrorist financing. India became an observer in the FATF in 2006 and attained full membership in 2010. FATF maintains a grey list of countries under increased monitoring. Pakistan was removed from this list in October 2022 after it made commitments to strengthen its anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing (AML/CFT) measures. Being placed on the FATF grey list can severely affect a country’s economy. It leads to increased scrutiny from international financial institutions. Countries on this list often face difficulties in securing foreign investments and loans. This economic pressure can impact Pakistan’s financial stability, particularly in light of its recent aid package from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

 

2. India’s Climate Warming Trends: India’s climate has undergone changes over recent decades. The country has warmed by approximately 0.6°C since the 1950s. This increase is notably less than the warming observed in the rest of the Northern Hemisphere. Recent satellite data from NASA marks this trend, raising questions about its implications. During the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020, India experienced a notable reduction in aerosol levels. A study revealed that this decrease led to a drop in night-time land surface temperatures by 2-4°C. This unexpected outcome challenges existing assumptions about the relationship between aerosols and temperature. It marks the need for more research on temperature dynamics in India.

3. Cheetah Corridor Project: A Cheetah Corridor is being set up as part of India’s wildlife conservation efforts. The initiative is designed to facilitate the movement of cheetahs across regions, thereby expanding their natural habitat. The primary goal of the corridor is to improve genetic diversity among cheetah populations. By connecting isolated wildlife reserves, the project aims to reduce habitat fragmentation. This will enable cheetahs to roam freely, find mates, and thrive in their natural environment. The initiative involves relocating cheetahs from Africa and introducing them into well-suited habitats in India, such as national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. The primary objectives of Project Cheetah are to restore ecological balance, support biodiversity, and boost both conservation initiatives and wildlife tourism in the country.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

 

DEFENCE

 

1. Ganga Expressway Night Landing: The Ganga Expressway airstrip is important addition to India’s defence infrastructure. It is designed to facilitate both day and night landings of fighter aircraft. The airstrip enhances India’s ability to respond to threats swiftly and effectively. It serves as an alternative runway for the IAF during conflicts or emergencies, showcasing the country’s strategic military capabilities. The trials were conducted in two phases – daytime and nighttime. During the day, IAF jets performed various manoeuvres, including low fly-pasts. Night operations were held between 7 PM and 10 PM, testing the airstrip’s operational readiness in low-light conditions. This dual-phase approach ensured comprehensive assessment of the airstrip’s capabilities. The Ganga Expressway airstrip is the fourth expressway in Uttar Pradesh to feature an airstrip, following the Agra-Lucknow, Purvanchal, and Bundelkhand expressways. However, it stands out as the first with a night-landing capability. This development is expected to enhance the IAF’s strategic options and improve the overall security landscape in the region.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Neuralink’s Speech Restoration Technology: Neuralink, a neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk, has made strides in restoring communication for individuals with severe speech impairments. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the company a Breakthrough Device Designation for its innovative brain-chip technology. This designation is awarded to medical devices that promise more effective treatment for life-threatening conditions. Neuralink aims to assist individuals affected by various neurological disorders, including ALS, stroke, and cerebral palsy, in regaining their ability to communicate. It is FDA’s voluntary initiative aimed at fast-tracking the development, assessment, and approval of certain medical devices and combination products used for treating or diagnosing serious or life-threatening conditions. It aims to ensure quicker patient and healthcare access to innovative medical devices without compromising safety and effectiveness.

2. INCOIS Launches Submarine Cable: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) has initiated a submarine cable project to enhance long-term observations of the Indian Ocean. This project, supported by the international scientific community, will improve the understanding of ocean dynamics, seismic activity, and tsunami risks. The initiative involves the installation of a 150 km cable west of Wandoor in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, featuring advanced sensors for oceanographic and geophysical data collection. The submarine cable will connect two science nodes equipped with sensors placed at depths of 2,000 to 2,500 metres. These nodes will gather crucial data on ocean parameters. A landing station will be established at Wandoor, facilitating real-time data acquisition. This infrastructure aims to monitor seismic events and provide vital information about potential tsunami triggers.

 

3. Universe’s Clumpiness: Recent advancements in cosmology reveal that the clumpiness of the universe is crucial for understanding its fundamental nature. The universe, believed to have originated from a Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago, has evolved into a complex structure of galaxies and cosmic phenomena. The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation, a remnant from the early universe, provides vital information about its initial conditions. The Big Bang theory posits that the universe began as a singular explosion. This event led to the formation of galaxies and solar systems. The CMB represents the afterglow of this explosion. Initially, the universe was remarkably uniform with slight density variations. These variations are essential for understanding how matter clumped together over billions of years.

 

4. Chandrayaan-3 Findings on Lunar Mantle Samples: The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) onboard the Pragyan rover played a very important role in this research. It is designed for in-situ analysis of soil and rock samples on planetary bodies with minimal atmosphere. The APXS emits alpha particles and X-rays onto surface samples, enabling the identification of elemental compositions based on the X-ray emissions from the samples. Scientists analysed the concentrations of several volatile elements, including sulfur, potassium, and sodium, at the Shiv Shakti point. They found that sulfur levels were higher than those recorded in previous lunar missions, while sodium and potassium levels were lower.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. ‘Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India’ Report: The NITI Aayog has recently released a report titled ‘Enhancing MSMEs Competitiveness in India’. It was developed in collaboration with the Institute for Competitiveness, outlines strategies to unlock the potential of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in India. The report identifies systemic reforms necessary in financing, skilling, innovation, and market access to boost MSME competitiveness. The report marks the need for targeted interventions in high-growth regions, particularly in northeastern and eastern India. Developing platforms for direct market linkages can enhance MSME competitiveness.

 

2. U.S.-Ukraine Joint Investment Fund Agreement: Ukraine will contribute 50% of revenues from new mineral, oil, and gas projects to the fund. Existing projects like Naftogaz are exempt. The fund aims to attract private investments to stimulate Ukraine’s resource sector, essential for its economic recovery. The agreement comes amid ongoing security threats from Russia. It reflects a more robust stance against Russian aggression, explicitly mentioning “Russia’s full-scale invasion.” The U.S. aims to prevent any entities supporting Russia from benefiting from Ukraine’s reconstruction.

 

Daily GK Update- 1st May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Mango Production Trends Amid Climate Change Challenges: Mangoes, a beloved fruit in India, face challenges due to rising temperatures. Reports indicate a decline in harvest quality and changes in flowering patterns. The India Meteorological Department’s Annual Climate Survey of 2024 brought into light temperature increase, marking 2024 as the warmest year since 1901. This warming trend raises concerns about the future of mango production. Despite concerns, statistical data from the Horticulture Department indicates a positive trend in mango productivity. Between 2001-02 and 2024-25, productivity fluctuated but is expected to reach 9.4 metric tonnes per hectare in 2024-25. This figure surpasses that of other major mango producers like China and Thailand. Additionally, mango cultivation area increased by 2.34% in 2023-24, indicating a growing interest in mango farming.

 

2.Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE): The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) recently conducted a pilot study on the Annual Survey of Services Sector Enterprises (ASSSE). This initiative aims to gather vital data on India’s incorporated service sector. The study is a precursor to a comprehensive survey set to begin in January 2026. It focuses on enterprises registered under various corporate laws, utilising data from the Goods and Services Tax Network (GSTN). This pilot study marks step in enhancing India’s statistical capabilities. It aims to fill the data gap in the incorporated service sector, which is crucial for understanding its contribution to the economy and employment. The primary goal of the pilot study was to test operational processes. This included assessing enterprise responses and the clarity of survey instructions. The study aimed to verify the suitability of the GSTN database as a sampling frame. It also sought to evaluate the effectiveness of the questionnaire and the availability of key data from enterprise records.

 

3. Basaveshwara: Basaveshwara, also known as Basavanna, was a prominant figure in 12th-century India. Born in Karnataka in 1131 CE, he emerged as a philosopher, statesman, and social reformer. Basaveshwara was born into a family of Shiva devotees. He grew up in a time when caste discrimination and ritualistic practices were prevalent. His early exposure to spirituality shaped his views on equality and social justice. He became a key figure during the reign of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty. Basaveshwara’s most contribution is the Vachana literature. These poetic verses articulate his philosophical beliefs and social messages. Works like Shat-sthala-vachana and Raja-yoga-vachana highlight his thoughts on devotion, equality, and rational living. The vachanas are instrumental in understanding the spiritual universe of the Veerashaiva saints.

 

4. Humid Heat Waves: Recent studies highlight the increasing threat of humid heat waves, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas like India. A new research revealed the relationship between rainfall, soil moisture, and the onset of these extreme weather events. The research identifies important link between recent rainfall patterns and the occurrence of humid heat waves. In arid regions, such as northwestern India, humid heat waves often follow rainfall. The moisture from rainfall evaporates, increasing humidity levels. Conversely, in humid regions, high soil moisture usually exists, but reduced sunlight due to cloud cover limits evaporation. After rainfall subsides, clearer skies lead to increased surface warming, contributing to humid heat conditions.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

 

1. Phthalates Linked to Cardiovascular Deaths: In recent years, studies have increasingly brought into light the dangers of phthalates, chemicals prevalent in household plastics. A 2025 study from New York University revealed that phthalates may have contributed to over 356,000 cardiovascular-related deaths globally in 2018. The regions most affected include the Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific, which accounted for approximately 75% of these deaths. The NYU study focused on di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a common type of phthalate. Researchers estimated that DEHP exposure was responsible for 356,238 deaths in 2018, representing about 13.5% of all cardiovascular deaths among individuals aged 55-64. India reported the highest number of DEHP-related deaths, followed by China and Indonesia.

 

2. Climate Change and Fire Seasons: Recent studies indicate that fire weather seasons in eastern Australia and western North America are increasingly overlapping. This shift complicates international cooperation between fire services in Canada, the United States, and Australia. Fire weather refers to specific atmospheric conditions that promote the spread of wildfires. Key factors include temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed. The Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) is tool used worldwide to assess fire risk. It identifies days with high wildfire potential. Historically, fire seasons in western North America occurred from June to October, while eastern Australia’s season spanned from October to March. This timing allowed for resource sharing during emergencies. However, climate change is altering these patterns, leading to longer fire seasons.

 

3. Agent Orange: The Vietnam War ended 50 years ago, on April 30, 1975. However, its repercussions continue to affect millions due to the use of Agent Orange. This herbicide, sprayed extensively by U.S. forces, contained dioxin, which is notorious for its long-lasting toxicity. Agent Orange caused extensive ecological damage. It defoliated vast areas of forest and farmland, leading to long-term degradation. Soil and water sources in contaminated regions still show elevated dioxin levels. Cleanup efforts are ongoing but face challenges due to the scale of contamination. The United States began cleanup initiatives in 2006, focusing on contaminated sites like Da Nang. However, progress has been slow and costly. Large areas remain unaddressed, and funding cuts have hindered further efforts. Local authorities stress the need for continued U.S. support to manage the toxic legacy of Agent Orange.

 

4. Uturuncu Volcano: A collaborative study involving institutions like the University of Oxford and Cornell University utilised advanced techniques to investigate the volcano’s plumbing system. Researchers analysed data from over 1,700 earthquakes. This high-resolution imaging revealed the movement of fluids and gases beneath the volcano. Their findings indicate a low probability of an imminent eruption. Volcanic plumbing systems comprise a network of fluids and gases in magmatic reservoirs. These systems connect the magma chamber to the surface. Understanding fluid movement within these systems is essential for predicting volcanic activity. The study identified pathways for geothermally heated fluids, which contribute to the observed deformation.

 

5. Canada PM Mark Carney: Mark Carney’s recent election as Prime Minister of Canada marks shift in the political landscape. He assumes leadership amid ongoing tensions with the United States under President Donald Trump. Carney, an economist with a history of crisis management, aims to strengthen Canada’s position on the global stage. Carney, 60, previously served as the Governor of the Bank of Canada and the Bank of England. His experience includes navigating the 2008 financial crisis and the Brexit referendum. Uniquely, he is the first Canadian Prime Minister without prior Cabinet experience. His educational background includes prestigious institutions like Harvard and Oxford.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

 

DEFENCE

 

1. Military Spending Disparities Between India and Pakistan: In 2024, India’s military spending reached USD 86.1 billion, ranking fifth globally. This expenditure has surged by 42 per cent since 2015. India aims to reduce its dependence on foreign arms imports. The government has allocated 75 per cent of capital outlays for domestic military procurement. This policy has allowed India to produce armoured vehicles, helicopters, and submarines, although it still relies on imports for advanced systems like combat aircraft. Pakistan’s military spending in 2024 was USD 10.2 billion, placing it at the 29th position worldwide. This figure represents only 11.84 per cent of India’s military expenditure. The low spending reflects Pakistan’s limited resources in comparison to India. The disparity in military budgets raises concerns about regional security and stability.

 

2. Iberian Power Blackout: The Iberian Peninsula experienced power blackout affecting both Portugal and Spain. The blackout led to widespread disruptions. Its cause is still under investigation. However, initial reports suggest a voltage fluctuation in the Spanish grid may have triggered the event. Induced atmospheric vibration is a rare phenomenon that occurs due to extreme temperature variations. These variations can cause oscillations in high-voltage power lines. When the tension in the lines changes, it affects their aerodynamic properties. This interaction can destabilise the power system. Experts are investigating if this phenomenon contributed to the blackout. The blackout was linked to voltage fluctuation in Spain’s electrical grid. Portugal was importing energy from Spain at the time. The fluctuation caused protective systems in Portuguese power plants to shut down. This automatic response led to widespread outages across the region.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Into Proton Adsorption for Green Hydrogen Production: BIEFs arise at the interface of different materials, particularly in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) p-n heterojunctions. These fields create an asymmetric electronic environment. This asymmetry is crucial as it influences charge distribution at the junction. The resulting built-in potential enhances proton dynamics during adsorption and desorption. Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential that helps evaluate the maximum work obtainable from a system. In the context of hydrogen production, it is essential for understanding proton adsorption. The difference in work functions between two materials drives charge redistribution, establishing the built-in potential. This potential directly impacts the Gibbs free energy of adsorption. Researchers at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) in Mohali developed a CuO-CuWO4 heterostructure. This structure was fabricated by growing CuWO4 nanoparticles over Cu(OH)2. The study examined the physical and electrochemical properties of the heterojunction. Notably, it explored the Gibbs free energy profile for proton adsorption across different regions of the catalyst.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Drugs and Cosmetics Compounding Rules 2025: The new rules are designed to facilitate the settlement of minor offences related to the manufacturing, import, sale, and distribution of drugs. They apply to pharmaceutical companies and individuals involved in these activities. The framework encourages compliance and reduces the burden on the judicial system. The Central Government will appoint a compounding authority at a senior level. This authority must hold a position not lower than that of a Licensing Authority. Similarly, State Governments will designate officers below the rank of Licensing Authority to serve in this capacity. Applicants can submit their requests for compounding either before or after prosecution begins. The application must include essential details such as the applicant’s identity, product information, and specifics of the offence. This streamlined process allows for a quicker resolution.

 

2. Digital Access as a Fundamental Right in India: The Supreme Court ruled that digital access is integral to the right to life and liberty. The judgement arose from petitions by acid attack survivors and visually impaired individuals. They faced barriers in completing digital Know Your Customer (KYC) processes. The court identified these barriers as hindrances to accessing essential services and welfare schemes. The court directed the government to reform KYC processes to accommodate individuals with disabilities. It mandated that KYC procedures should no longer require visual tasks that are impossible for certain individuals. This includes allowing alternative methods for identity verification, such as video-based KYC processes.

 

3. RBI Launches Key Surveys for Monetary Policy: The Inflation Expectations Survey of Households (IESH) is designed to gather subjective assessments of price movements. Conducted across 19 cities, it captures insights based on individual consumption patterns. This survey enables the RBI to understand public sentiment regarding inflation, which is vital for shaping monetary policy. The Urban Consumer Confidence Survey (UCCS) aims to assess household sentiments about the economy. It collects qualitative data on perceptions regarding the general economic situation, employment, price levels, and household income and spending. This survey also includes responses from 19 cities, providing a comprehensive look at urban consumer attitudes.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Supreme Court’s Limited Powers on Arbitral Awards: A Constitution Bench, led by Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna, held that appellate courts possess limited authority to modify arbitral awards. This decision emerged from a reference made in February 2024 concerning the interpretation of Sections 34 and 37 of the Act. The Supreme Court’s majority judgment outlined specific conditions under which modifications to arbitral awards can occur. The court affirmed that modifications are permissible if the award is severable. This means that invalid portions can be separated from valid sections. Additionally, clerical, computational, or typographical errors can be corrected. The court also stated that post-award interest might be modified under certain circumstances.