Daily GK Update- 7th June, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility (DRUM) App: Researchers have established that airborne particulate matter can reduce life expectancy by up to five years. Traffic-related pollution is often underestimated, with commuting accounting for a disproportionate share of exposure. To address this, a team from IIT Kharagpur developed the Dynamic Route Planning for Urban Green Mobility (DRUM) web app, which aids users in selecting routes based on air quality and energy efficiency. Air pollution is a critical concern in urban India. Major cities experience severe health impacts due to traffic emissions. Commuters are often unaware of the risks associated with their daily travel. Studies indicate that amount of pollution exposure occurs during commuting hours. DRUM is a web application designed to help users choose routes that minimise air pollution exposure. The app offers five route options – shortest, fastest, least exposure to air pollution (LEAP), least energy consumption route (LECR), and a suggested route that balances all factors. This innovative approach aims to enhance urban mobility while prioritising health.

 

2. Zudpi Jungle Lands: This decision followed decades of legal disputes regarding the status of approximately 86,000 hectares of these unique shrub forests. The court’s ruling clarified the conditions under which these lands could be used, establishing that prior approval from the central government is necessary for any conversion. Zudpi jungle lands are characterised by bushy growth and are not typically utilised for agriculture. These lands are primarily found in six districts of eastern Vidarbha – Nagpur, Chandrapur, Gadchiroli, Bhandara, Wardha, and Gondia. Traditionally, they have been used for grazing and other non-forest purposes. The status of Zudpi lands has been contentious for decades. Initially classified as Gairan under the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code of 1966, their designation changed over time due to various government orders and legal interpretations. The Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980 imposed restrictions on the diversion of forest lands, complicating the legal landscape further.

 

3. Lloyds Metals Expands Iron Ore Mining in Maharashtra: The Union Environment Ministry’s Expert Appraisal Committee has recommended environmental clearance for Lloyds Metals and Energy Ltd. This approval allows the company to more than double its iron ore output at the Surjagarh mine in Maharashtra. The output will increase from 10 million tonnes per annum to 26 million tonnes per annum. This decision comes amid the Maharashtra government’s efforts to boost industrialisation in Gadchiroli, an area historically impacted by Maoist violence. The Expert Appraisal Committee reviewed the project and granted clearance with specific conditions. These include compliance with a wildlife management and conservation plan. The mine site is located within the ecologically sensitive Bhamragad Reserve Forest. The committee emphasised the importance of protecting local wildlife and maintaining ecosystem integrity.

 

4. Zyeth Atham: Zyeth Atham, also known as Jyeshtha Ashtami, is celebration for the Kashmiri Pandit community. Observed on the eighth day of Shukla Paksha in the month of Jyeshtha, it typically falls in early June. This festival centres around the veneration of Goddess Kheer Bhawani, revered as a family deity. The main rituals occur at the Kheer Bhawani temple in Tulmulla, Jammu and Kashmir. Goddess Kheer Bhawani is an incarnation of Mata Durga. She is deeply cherished by the Kashmiri Pandit community, who regard her as their Kuldevi. The temple in Tulmulla is not only a spiritual hub but also a historical site, mentioned in ancient texts such as Kalhana’s *Rajatarangini*. The temple is surrounded by chinar trees and built over a sacred spring, which is integral to the festival. The temple features a hexagonal spring that changes colour, reflecting the fortunes of the Valley. Light hues like blue and green signify prosperity, while dark shades indicate impending turmoil. This phenomenon has been observed for generations, linking the community’s fate to the spring’s waters.

 

5. Kerala’s Proposal to Amend Wildlife Protection Act: Wildlife attacks have become a pressing problem in Kerala. Government data shows that from 2016 to early 2025, 919 people lost their lives and nearly 9,000 were injured due to such conflicts. The state has identified 273 out of 941 village local bodies as hotspots for these incidents. The animals involved include tigers, leopards, elephants, and wild boars. Several factors have led to the escalation of human-wildlife conflicts. These include fluctuations in wildlife populations, habitat degradation, and increased grazing of domestic animals in forested areas. Changes in agricultural practices have also played a role. Notably, the rapid population growth of wild boars and monkeys has exacerbated the situation, leading to agricultural losses. Currently, the Wildlife (Protection) Act imposes strict regulations on the culling of protected species. The Kerala government argues that the existing legal framework hampers timely action in emergencies. Before any culling can occur, the chief wildlife warden must verify that an animal cannot be captured or relocated. This process can delay necessary interventions.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Environmental Crises and Global Responsibility in 2025: The three primary environmental crises are carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Carbon emissions continue to rise, driven by fossil fuel dependency. Biodiversity loss is marked by mass extinctions and habitat destruction. Pollution remains rampant, particularly in air quality, with cities like Delhi consistently ranking among the most polluted globally. Several factors contribute to environmental degradation. Firstly, fossil fuel dependency is a major driver of carbon emissions. In India, coal accounts for nearly 70% of electricity generation. Secondly, deforestation and land-use changes have increased, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas. Thirdly, agricultural practices, particularly monocultures, lead to habitat destruction and water pollution. Additionally, waste mismanagement and urbanisation exacerbate environmental issues. India generates 62 million tonnes of waste annually, with only 20% processed scientifically.

 

2. Genetic Legacy of North Africa in Iberia: Recent studies highlight the deep-rooted genetic connections between Iberia and North Africa. This relationship persisted for centuries until event in history altered it. Researchers analysed ancient DNA from individuals in eastern Spain to understand this genetic lineage, particularly during the periods of Al-Andalus and the Reconquista. The study involved DNA analysis from 12 individuals across three burial sites in Valencia. These samples spanned over a millennium, covering pre-Islamic, Islamic, and post-Reconquista periods. The findings revealed North African genetic markers in all samples, indicating a longstanding connection between the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. The Islamic conquest intensified the cultural and genetic intermingling between North Africa and Iberia. The researchers noted that the presence of Romance languages in North Africa facilitated this rapid conquest. The genetic data showed that this relationship was not a one-time event but had existed long before 711 CE.

 

3. Climate Change Projections and Global Warming Thresholds: The 1.5ºC and 2ºC thresholds are not scientifically definitive but are based on economic considerations and political negotiations. The original 2ºC limit stems from a 1970s economic model by William Nordhaus. The implications of exceeding these thresholds are complex and uncertain. Current climate models struggle to provide accurate long-term predictions due to the unpredictability of future greenhouse gas emissions. Climate models are essential for projecting future warming scenarios. These models rely on assumptions about energy consumption, population dynamics, and policy decisions. The inherent uncertainties in these projections complicate our understanding of potential warming. As a result, predictions beyond 2050 are fraught with speculation.

 

4. Ocean Protection Funding Needs for 30×30 Target: The global initiative to protect 30 per cent of the oceans by 2030 requires an annual investment of $15.8 billion. This figure is outlined in the report titled “The Ocean Protection Gap – Assessing Progress toward the 30×30 Target.” The report, released by a consortium of NGOs and funders, marks funding shortfall. Currently, only $1.2 billion is allocated annually for ocean protection, leaving a gap of $14.6 billion. This report comes ahead of the United Nations Ocean Conference 3, scheduled for June 2025 in France. Oceans play a critical role in sustaining life on Earth. They produce half the oxygen we breathe and regulate the climate by absorbing heat and storing carbon. The ocean economy contributes approximately $2.6 trillion annually. In 2023, ocean-based sectors accounted for 7 per cent of global trade. Despite their importance, climate stress and policy fragmentation pose threats to ocean health and sustainability.

 

5. China’s Dams and the Brahmaputra River Dynamics: Recent discussions have emerged regarding the impact of Chinese dam projects on the Brahmaputra River. The river is vital for India, particularly Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. Assam’s Chief Minister, Himanta Biswa Sarma, brought into light that portion of the river’s flow originates from India. He noted that even potential reductions in water flow from China might not adversely affect Assam, and could even help mitigate flooding. China has initiated various hydropower projects along the Brahmaputra, primarily located upstream in Tibet. These projects, including the proposed Medog Hydropower Project, are designed for power generation rather than water storage. The Medog project is set to be the world’s largest hydropower facility, surpassing the Three Gorges Dam in capacity. India contributes to over 80% of the Brahmaputra’s water yield despite only covering 34.2% of the basin’s area. The Indian region receives substantial rainfall, averaging 2,371 mm annually, which boosts the river’s yield. The annual monsoon also plays important role in enhancing water flow.

 

6. UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2024-25: The UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2024-25 marks ongoing gender disparities in educational outcomes and leadership roles worldwide. Despite improvements in enrolment rates, gaps persist in learning achievements and the representation of women in top educational positions. The report reveals that boys are falling behind girls in reading proficiency globally. In middle-income countries, the disparity is even more pronounced. The report indicates that for every 100 girls achieving minimum reading proficiency, only 87 boys do. In middle-income nations, this figure drops to 72 boys per 100 girls. This gap is alarming and indicates systemic issues in learning environments, particularly in literacy.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. IAF’s Indigenous I-STAR Aircraft: The Indian Air Force (IAF) is poised to enhance its operational capabilities with the upcoming acquisition of I-STAR (Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance) aircraft. This Rs 10,000 crore project is set to be approved by the Defence Ministry amidst rising tensions and ongoing military operations. The I-STAR aircraft will empower the IAF to conduct precise strikes on critical enemy targets from safe distances. The I-STAR project involves procuring three advanced aircraft from leading international manufacturers such as Boeing or Bombardier. These aircraft will be equipped with indigenous sensor and electronic systems developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The integration of these systems is expected to be swift due to their successful testing.

 

2. Indian Navy’s First Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Arnala: The Indian Navy is set to commission its first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), named Arnala, on 18 June 2025. This event will take place at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam, presided over by Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan. The commissioning of Arnala signifies a major advancement in India’s naval capabilities and reflects the nation’s commitment to self-reliance in defence manufacturing. More than 80% of Arnala’s components are indigenous. It incorporates advanced systems from prominent Indian defence firms such as Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), L&T, Mahindra Defence, and MEIL. The construction process involved over 55 Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), boosting the domestic defence manufacturing sector and contributing to economic growth. Arnala is the first of sixteen ASW-SWC class ships designed and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) in collaboration with L&T Shipbuilders. This project is a part of the Public-Private Partnership model. The vessel was delivered to the Indian Navy on 8 May 2025.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Potential Pandemic Threat from Merbecoviruses: Recent studies have raised alarms about a group of bat coronaviruses known as merbecoviruses. These viruses are closely related to the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Researchers from Washington State University, California Institute of Technology, and the University of North Carolina have found that one subgroup, HKU5, may pose a risk to humans. The findings suggest that a small mutation could enable these viruses to cross species barriers and potentially lead to a new pandemic. Merbecoviruses are a subgenus of coronaviruses. They were largely overlooked until the emergence of MERS-CoV in 2012. MERS-CoV is transmitted from dromedary camels to humans and has a high mortality rate of about 34%. Most merbecoviruses do not appear to threaten human health. However, the HKU5 subgroup has shown concerning traits that warrant further investigation.

 

2. Losgna Occidentalis: Losgna is a genus of wasps known for their parasitic behaviour. The recent study reveals that this genus had not been documented in India since 1965. The solitary specimen was found in an urban dry scrub forest in Chandigarh during the winter of 2023-24. This marks the first formal description of any new insect species from Chandigarh. The newly identified species, Losgna occidentalis, is distinguished by its location. The name “occidentalis” indicates its position as the westernmost known occurrence of the genus. Previous records were primarily from tropical forests in eastern India and Southeast Asia. The discovery adds to the understanding of the geographical distribution of the genus. Taxonomic research is crucial for biodiversity conservation. The study marks the need for continued exploration and documentation of species. The discovery of Losgna occidentalis illustrates how young researchers and citizen scientists can contribute to science. It also emphasises the importance of international collaboration in taxonomic studies.

 

3. Piprahwa Relics: In 1898, a remarkable archaeological discovery was made at Piprahwa, the ancient site of Kapilavastu in Uttar Pradesh. Five caskets, including a crystal casket believed to be over 2,300 years old, were unearthed during excavations. These caskets contained sacred relics associated with Lord Buddha. Recently, the Ministry of Culture announced plans to exhibit these relics for the first time, aiming to enhance public engagement with India’s rich Buddhist heritage. The Piprahwa relics were discovered during an excavation led by William Claxton Peppe. The site contained a sandstone coffer buried 18 feet underground, which housed the relics, including sacred bones and ashes. The discovery was as it linked directly to the Sakya clan, Buddha’s family. The relics were later secured in the Indian Museum, Kolkata, where they remained for over a century.

 

4. Japanese Space Mission Hakuto-R: The recent failure of the Japanese space mission Hakuto-R has brought into light the challenges faced by private space companies in achieving successful lunar landings. The mission, launched by ispace, aimed to land the Resilience lander on the Moon. However, mission control lost communication with the spacecraft during its final descent, leading to a crash landing. This incident marks ispace’s second failed attempt to land on the lunar surface, following a similar fate in 2023. NASA has been actively promoting lunar exploration through its Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme. This initiative encourages private companies to develop capabilities for lunar missions. Several companies, including Astrobotic Technologies and Firefly Aerospace, are part of this programme, denoting a growing interest in lunar exploration.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. World Bank Report on Extreme Poverty: India has achieved progress in reducing extreme poverty over the past decade. According to the World Bank, the extreme poverty rate fell from 27.1 percent in 2011-12 to just 5.3 percent in 2022-23. This represents a remarkable shift in the lives of millions of people. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than 3.00 US Dollars per day, adjusted for 2021 prices. Using the earlier threshold of 2.15 US Dollars per day, the poverty rate fell from 16.2 percent in 2011 to 2.3 percent in 2022. This change reflects the economic realities and inflation adjustments over time. Both rural and urban poverty have seen declines. Rural poverty decreased from 18.4 percent to 2.8 percent. Urban poverty fell from 10.7 percent to just 1.1 percent. This narrowing of the rural-urban poverty gap indicates a more equitable distribution of economic opportunities.

 

2. Urban Consumer Confidence Survey for 2025: The UCCS is a bi-monthly survey aimed at assessing urban households’ views on economic conditions. It evaluates factors such as income, employment, inflation, and spending behaviour. The survey marks rebranding, separating urban insights from the newly introduced Rural Consumer Confidence Survey. Two primary indices emerge from the UCCS – – Current Situation Index (CSI) – This index reflects perceptions of the current economic environment. Recently, the CSI slightly declined to 95.4 from 95.5, remaining below the neutral benchmark of 100. – Future Expectations Index (FEI) – This index gauges optimism about future conditions. The FEI increased to 123.4, up from 122.4, indicating heightened expectations for income and employment in the coming year. While current perceptions of income and employment remained stable, optimism about future earnings is robust. Consumers anticipate improved financial conditions, influencing future spending behaviour. Although there has been a slight dip in current expenditure on both essential and non-essential goods, expectations for increased future spending are evident.

 

Daily GK Update- 6th June, 2024

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India to Conduct Population Census 2027 in Two Phases with Caste Enumeration: The Government of India will conduct the Population Census 2027 in two phases, which will also include caste enumeration for the first time.Phase I will begin on 1st October 2026 in hilly and snow-bound regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Ladakh, while Phase II will start on 1st March 2027 in the rest of the country.The official notification for Census 2027 is expected to be published in the Gazette on 16th June, marking the formal beginning of the census process.Census 2021 was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, despite full preparations, making Census 2011 the last completed one; the Indian Census remains one of the largest administrative and statistical exercises in the world.

 

2. Two more wetlands from India added to Ramsar list: India’s list of wetlands of international importance has increased to 91 sites with the addition of Khichan in Phalodi and Menar in Udaipur, both located in Rajasthan.The Ramsar Convention, signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands to protect global biodiversity and support human life.India ratified the Ramsar Convention on February 1, 1982, and continues to actively participate in expanding and maintaining the global network of protected wetlands.

 

3. PM Modi plants Sindoor sapling on World Environment Day: On World Environment Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi planted a Sindoor sapling at his residence, emphasizing his commitment to environmental conservation.The act symbolizes the importance of planting trees and promoting greenery to protect the environment and combat climate change.PM Modi’s gesture on this significant day serves as an inspiration for citizens to contribute towards a greener and cleaner India.

 

4. Dharmendra Pradhan Launches ‘Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam 2.0’ Campaign: Union Education Minister Dharmendra Pradhan planted a sapling and launched the Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam 2.0 campaign in New Delhi, along with a special module and website to monitor eco clubs under Mission Life.The Minister emphasized that India’s carbon emissions are currently below the desirable limit and highlighted the critical importance of trees for the survival of all living beings.Pradhan stressed the goal of preparing future generations to achieve Net Zero by 2070 and urged reduction of plastic use, noting only 10% of the 400 million tonnes of plastic produced annually is recycled, promoting sustainable development for environmental protection.

 

5. S Mahendra Dev Appointed Chairman of Economic Advisory Council to PM: Economist S Mahendra Dev has been appointed as the Chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM), resigning from his position as an independent director on the board of Axis Bank to take up this full-time role.Currently, the EAC-PM is headed by Niti Aayog Vice-Chairman Suman Bery, but Mahendra Dev will now lead the council.Dev is a renowned expert in agriculture and rural economy, editor of the Economic and Political Weekly, and chairman of the Institute for Development Studies, Andhra Pradesh.

 

6. Sudarshan Venu to take over as TVS Motor Chairman and MD: TVS Motor Company has appointed its current Managing Director, Sudarshan Venu, as the incoming Chairman, effective August 25, 2025.Sir Ralf Speth, the current Chairman, will step down after the Annual General Meeting on August 22, 2025, but will continue as Chief Mentor for three years starting August 23, 2025, to provide guidance based on his vast experience.

 

7. 6 June – National Donut Day: National Donut Day is celebrated annually on the first Friday of June, honoring the beloved donut and its unique history. In 2025, National Donut Day falls on Friday, June 6.Established in 1938 by The Salvation Army, the day pays tribute to the “Donut Lassies” — women volunteers who served donuts to soldiers during World War I to boost morale.

National Donut Day has grown into a popular event across the United States and beyond, with many donut shops offering special deals and free donuts. It is both a celebration of this sweet treat and a reminder of its historic significance.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Amul Partners with Spain’s COVAP to Enter European Dairy Market: The Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (Amul), marketer of products under the brand name, has partnered with Spanish dairy cooperative COVAP to launch its milk products in Spain, marking its entry into the European market.The collaboration aims to leverage COVAP’s local expertise and distribution network to establish Amul’s presence in Spain effectively.This partnership is part of Amul’s broader strategy to expand its footprint across Europe by introducing Indian dairy products to new international consumers.Amul plans to use this initial launch in Spain as a stepping stone for further expansion into other European countries in the near future.

 

2. India Elected to UN Economic and Social Council for 2026-28 Term: India has been elected as a member of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations for the two-year term from 2026 to 2028, reflecting its growing role in global sustainable development.

 

3. ECOSOC is a key UN organ that advances the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental, serving as the central platform for debate, consensus-building, and coordination of international efforts.Established by the UN Charter in 1945, ECOSOC also oversees the follow-up of major UN conferences and summits, with India’s recent election underscoring the continuing global relevance of Dr. Ambedkar’s vision within the UN and beyond.

 

4. President Trump signs proclamation banning travel from 12 nations: US President Donald Trump signed a proclamation banning travel from 12 countries citing national security and public safety concerns. These countries are Afghanistan, Myanmar, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Haiti, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen.The proclamation fully restricts entry from these 12 countries, and also imposes partial restrictions on nationals from seven other countries: Burundi, Cuba, Laos, Sierra Leone, Togo, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela.The travel ban was enacted through a presidential proclamation, similar to an executive order, showcasing the Trump administration’s authority to enforce such national security measures.

 

5. 5 June – The International Day for the Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing: The International Day for the Fight against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing is observed annually on 5th June. It aims to raise global awareness about the threats posed by IUU fishing to marine ecosystems, global food security, and the livelihoods of legal fishers.This day marks the entry into force of the Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) on 5 June 2016, the first binding international treaty specifically targeting IUU fishing.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Indian Navy’s First Anti-Submarine Warfare Ship Arnala: The Indian Navy is set to commission its first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC), named Arnala, on 18 June 2025. This event will take place at the Naval Dockyard in Visakhapatnam, presided over by Chief of Defence Staff, General Anil Chauhan. The commissioning of Arnala signifies a major advancement in India’s naval capabilities and reflects the nation’s commitment to self-reliance in defence manufacturing. Arnala is the first of sixteen ASW-SWC class ships designed and constructed by Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) in collaboration with L&T Shipbuilders. This project is a part of the Public-Private Partnership model. The vessel was delivered to the Indian Navy on 8 May 2025.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Paris Saint-Germain Clinches First-Ever Champions League Title with Record 5-0 Win Over Inter Milan: Paris Saint-Germain (PSG) won their first-ever UEFA Champions League title by defeating Inter Milan with a historic 5-0 scoreline, marking the most one-sided final in the tournament’s history.Teenager Désiré Doué scored twice, while captain Marquinhos led the team to a dominant victory, solidifying PSG’s golden 2024–2025 season under manager Luis Enrique.With this victory, PSG secured their first UCL title and took their overall trophy count to 37 since QSI’s ownership, creating a landmark moment in the club’s European journey.

 

 

 

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. IIT Delhi, AIIMS sign MoU to establish centre to research AI in healthcare: IIT Delhi and AIIMS have signed an MoU to establish a Centre of Excellence (CoE) for developing AI-based solutions in healthcare, supported by a ₹330 crore grant under the Ministry of Education’s “Make AI in India, Make AI Work for India”The CoE will focus on creating AI-driven tools to support at least five national health programmes, including those related to cancer, maternity and child care, blindness, and tuberculosis (TB), and will operate as a Section 8 non-profit company.The CoE is intended to be a dynamic, national-level resource with potential for private and alumni funding in the future, and will be managed by a board comprising secretaries from key ministries, with a CEO to be appointed later.

 

2. Ocean Protection Funding Needs for 30×30 Target: The global initiative to protect 30 per cent of the oceans by 2030 requires an annual investment of $15.8 billion. This figure is outlined in the report titled “The Ocean Protection Gap – Assessing Progress toward the 30×30 Target.” The report, released by a consortium of NGOs and funders, marks funding shortfall. Currently, only $1.2 billion is allocated annually for ocean protection, leaving a gap of $14.6 billion. This report comes ahead of the United Nations Ocean Conference 3, scheduled for June 2025 in France. Oceans play a critical role in sustaining life on Earth. They produce half the oxygen we breathe and regulate the climate by absorbing heat and storing carbon. The ocean economy contributes approximately $2.6 trillion annually. In 2023, ocean-based sectors accounted for 7 per cent of global trade. Despite their importance, climate stress and policy fragmentation pose threats to ocean health and sustainability.

 

3. Japanese Space Mission Hakuto-R: The recent failure of the Japanese space mission Hakuto-R has brought into light the challenges faced by private space companies in achieving successful lunar landings. The mission, launched by ispace, aimed to land the Resilience lander on the Moon. However, mission control lost communication with the spacecraft during its final descent, leading to a crash landing. This incident marks ispace’s second failed attempt to land on the lunar surface, following a similar fate in 2023. As the lander descended from a 100 km orbit, it successfully initiated its main engine for deceleration. However, communication was lost shortly after. The laser rangefinder, crucial for measuring altitude, experienced delays. Consequently, the lander could not decelerate adequately, resulting in a hard landing on the lunar surface.

 

4. China’s Silent Radar Technology: Recent advancements in radar technology have emerged from China, promising to transform military operations. Researchers have developed a silent radar system capable of detecting moving targets in noisy environments. This system employs passive bistatic airborne radar and sophisticated signal processing techniques. The technology allows for target detection without revealing the radar’s presence. The innovative radar system operates using two aircraft. One aircraft emits radar signals while the other receives echoes without transmitting any signals. This configuration enables detection of targets even in challenging conditions such as dense vegetation and uneven terrain. Traditional radar struggles in these environments due to signal clutter, making target identification difficult.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. PSU banks to set up common platform for debt recovery: Five major public sector banks, including SBI, Punjab National Bank, and Bank of Baroda, are collaborating via PSB Alliance Pvt Ltd to create a common collection firm focused on recovering retail and MSME loans below Rs 5 crore.This initiative aims to help banks concentrate on their core activities while improving loan recoveries, especially for borrowers with multiple loans across different banks, with all participating banks eventually taking stakes in the new firm.Currently, only a few PSBs outsource debt collection mainly for retail loans; this new agency will act as a preliminary step before cases move to asset reconstruction companies, aligning with finance ministry directives to closely monitor top and pending loan resolutions.

 

Daily GK Update- 5th June, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. HUL Launches iSight App to Track Real-Time Market Trends and Competitor Insights Across India: Hindustan Unilever (HUL) launched iSight, a new app that enables employees to report real-time market trends and competitor strategies across India.Since its launch in April, iSight has enrolled 1,000 employees and generated 300 valuable insights related to product placement and market dynamics.HUL has already conducted two brand-focused ‘missions’ using iSight for Glow & Lovely and Lifebuoy, with ongoing analysis of the collected ideas and feedback.

 

2. Indian Railways to Introduce Mandatory e-Aadhaar Verification for Tatkal Ticket Bookings to Curb Misuse: Indian Railways will introduce mandatory e-Aadhaar authentication for Tatkal ticket bookings later this month to curb misuse, ticket scalping, and improve access for genuine passengers.Passengers must verify their identity digitally using e-Aadhaar at the time of booking, making the process more transparent and reducing fraudulent transactions.IRCTC account holders linked with Aadhaar will get booking priority during the first 10 minutes of the Tatkal window, while even authorized agents will not be allowed to book tickets during this time.Tatkal tickets make up about 20% of total bookings and are usually sold out within 10 minutes, so this move aims to help genuine last-minute travelers secure confirmed seats.

 

3. UCO Bank appoints Sumit Khandelwal as CFO: State-run UCO Bank has appointed Sumit Khandelwal as its new chief financial officer (CFO).Khandelwal, who previously served as the general manager and the zonal head of the bank’s New Delhi zone, replaces Sujoy Dutta as CFO.

Khandelwal brings over 15 years of diverse banking experience, having served across multiple corporate branches, zones and departments within the bank.

 

4. Sailesh Mehta Appointed New Chairman of Fertiliser Association of India: Sailesh C Mehta, Managing Director of Deepak Fertilisers and Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd, has been appointed as the new Chairman of the Fertiliser Association of India (FAI).He succeeds N Suresh Krishnan, former Chairman and Managing Director of Paradeep Phosphates Ltd.With over 40 years of experience in the fertiliser and petrochemical sector, Mehta has also led FAI’s Western Region and heads Mahadhan Agri Tech Ltd, a DFPCL subsidiary.

 

5. Government Extends Tenure of Punjab & Sind Bank MD Swarup Kumar Saha Until February 2027: The Government has extended the tenure of Swarup Kumar Saha, MD & CEO of Punjab & Sind Bank, until February 28, 2027, surpassing his original term ending June 2, 2025.Saha has been leading Punjab & Sind Bank since June 3, 2022, after previously serving as Executive Director at Punjab National Bank from March 2021 to June 2022.The extension, announced via regulatory filing, ensures his leadership continues until superannuation or further government orders, whichever is earlier.

 

6. Samruddhi Mahamarg: The Samruddhi Mahamarg, also known as Hindu Hrudaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg, is a monumental road infrastructure initiative in Maharashtra. This 701-km expressway connects Mumbai to Nagpur, dramatically reducing travel time to just seven hours. The project was officially inaugurated on June 5, 2025, with the final 76-km stretch from Igatpuri to Amane now operational. The Samruddhi Mahamarg was conceived in 2016 during Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis’s tenure. It is a greenfield expressway designed to enhance connectivity between Maharashtra’s commercial and winter capitals. The project cost approximately Rs 55,335 crore and required the acquisition of over 8,800 hectares of land from nearly 24,000 farmers across 10 districts.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Mount Etna Erupts with Strombolian Explosions: Mount Etna, Europe’s most active volcano, erupted in Italy, sending ash and smoke into the Sicilian sky and causing panic among tourists.The eruption involved strombolian explosions, a type of volcanic activity characterized by frequent, moderate bursts of lava, as per Italy’s National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology.

 

2. 4 June – International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression: The International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression is observed every year on June 4 to acknowledge the pain and suffering of children who are victims of physical, mental, and emotional abuse, especially in conflict zones.The day was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982, originally focused on the victims of the 1982 Lebanon War but later expanded to include all children affected by violence worldwide.The observance aims to raise awareness about the rights of children and to promote efforts globally to protect children from all forms of violence, abuse, and exploitation.

 

3. 5 June – World Environment Day: World Environment Day is celebrated every year on 5th June to raise awareness and encourage action for the protection of the environment globally.Theme 2025 – Putting an End to Plastic PollutionThe day was established by the United Nations in 1972, during the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, making it one of the biggest global platforms for environmental outreach.

 

4. G7 Leaders’ Summit 2025: The year 2025 marks the 50th anniversary of the Group of 7 (G7) meetings. Canada is hosting the G7 Leaders’ Summit from June 15 to 17 in Kananaskis, Alberta. This will be Canada’s seventh time as host. Notably, India has yet to receive an invitation, which could mark its first absence since 2019. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has attended every summit since then, except for the cancelled 2020 meeting. The G7 is an informal group comprising seven major economies – the United States, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Kingdom. These nations collectively represent about 40% of the global GDP and 10% of the world’s population. The G7 has no legal status or permanent secretariat, and decisions require independent ratification from member states.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Indian Navy and EUNAVFOR Joint Naval Exercise: The Indian Navy is set to conduct a joint naval exercise with the European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR). This exercise will involve ships and aircraft from both sides. It aims to enhance interoperability and combat non-traditional maritime threats. The collaboration is step towards reinforcing maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region. The joint exercise follows a port visit by the Spanish frigate ESPS Reina Sofia and the Italian frigate ITS Antonio Marceglia to Mumbai. This visit marked the first of its kind under the European Union’s aegis. It marks the ongoing discussions between Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and EU President Ursula von der Leyen about international peace and security.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Andhra Pradesh Signs 5-Year MoU with ISRO to Integrate Space Tech for Real-Time Citizen Services: Andhra Pradesh government has signed a 5-year MoU with ISRO’s Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR) to enhance its Real-Time Governance System (RTGS) by integrating satellite imagery and scientific data for citizen-centric services.Under this partnership, satellite inputs will be used across 42 applications within the AWARE platform, covering sectors like agriculture, weather forecasting, disaster management, and urban planning.The AWARE system will combine data from satellites, drones, IoT devices, mobile feeds, and CCTV to deliver real-time alerts and advisories to both citizens and the government through platforms like SMS, WhatsApp, and social media.

 

2. Thermophilic Bacteria: Thermophilic bacteria thrive in extreme heat. They can survive temperatures between 45 to 70 degrees Celsius. These bacteria are not only resilient but also beneficial. They play important role in antibiotic production. Hot springs around the world are rich in these microorganisms. Recent studies highlight their potential in combating antibiotic resistance. Thermophiles are found in hot springs, deep-sea vents, and compost piles. These habitats are mineral-rich and have fewer competitors. This allows thermophilic bacteria to flourish. They often produce antibiotics to fend off other microorganisms. Their ability to thrive in extreme conditions makes them unique in the microbial world. Many thermophilic bacteria produce potent antibiotics. Researchers focus on Actinobacteria, a group known for its antimicrobial properties. These bacteria are responsible for producing well-known antibiotics like streptomycin and tetracycline. Recent studies have shown that hot springs can be a treasure trove for discovering new antibiotic-producing strains.

 

3. ‘Trends — Artificial Intelligence’ Report: The landscape of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed rapidly. Recent reports highlight an exceptional surge in AI adoption. Venture capitalist Mary Meeker’s latest trends report, titled ‘Trends — Artificial Intelligence,’ emphasises this unprecedented pace. The report illustrates how AI’s adoption curve is unlike previous technological advancements. It also points out challenges like biases and misinformation that accompany this rapid growth. AI platforms have achieved remarkable user numbers in a short time. For example, ChatGPT reached 100 million users in less than three months. In contrast, platforms like Instagram took 2-4 years to reach the same milestone. The report predicts that 50% of US households will adopt AI within three years, a stark difference from the 6-12 years it took for internet access.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. OECD Lowers India’s FY26 Growth Forecast to 6.3%: The OECD has lowered India’s FY26 GDP growth projection to 6.3%, citing risks from rising global trade tensions—especially potential US tariff hikes on Indian exports like textiles, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.In contrast, UBS Securities has upgraded its forecast to 6.4%, up from 6%, driven by stronger domestic demand, hopes of a US-India trade deal, and stable global crude oil prices.Both OECD and UBS expect private consumption to improve, aided by rising real incomes, moderate inflation, tax relief, and a strengthening labour market.

 

2. CCI Approves Currant Sea Investments’ 9.99% Stake Acquisition in IDFC First Bank: The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has approved Currant Sea Investments B.V. to acquire up to 9.99% stake in IDFC First Bank Limited.Currant Sea Investments B.V., based in the Netherlands, is an investment holding company with no direct operations in India.IDFC First Bank offers a wide range of banking services including loans, deposits, credit cards, MSME banking, NRI services, trade finance, and more.

 

3. HDB Financial Services Gets SEBI Nod for Rs 12,500 Crore IPO: HDB Financial Services, the NBFC arm of HDFC Bank, has received SEBI approval for a Rs 12,500 crore IPO, making it the largest NBFC IPO and the fifth-largest overall in India.The IPO consists of a Rs 2,500 crore fresh issue and a Rs 10,000 crore offer for sale by HDFC Bank, marking one of the biggest IPOs by a non-banking lender in India.Along with HDB Financial Services, five other companies including Vikram Solar, A-One Steels India, and Shanti Gold International have also received SEBI approval for their IPOs between May 27-30, 2025.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Kumar Mangalam Birla Honoured with Global Leadership Award by USISPF: Kumar Mangalam Birla, Chairman of Aditya Birla Group, was honoured with the Global Leadership Award by the U.S.-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) at its eighth annual Leadership Summit in Washington, D.C.Aditya Birla Group is the largest Indian investor in the U.S., having invested over $15 billion across 15 states and creating more than 5,400 jobs.

 

2. Recent Awards: American Music Award (AMA) at the 51st AMA held in Los Angeles – Raja Kumari International Booker Prize 2025 – Kannada author Banu Mushtaq (for short collection – Heart Lamp)Miss World 2025 Sports Challenge Medal WinnersGold: Eliise Randmaa (Estonia) Silver: Aurélie Joachim (Martinique)Bronze: Emma Morrison (Canada)58th Jnanpith Award (2023) – Jagadguru Rambhadracharya and Gulzar

 

Daily GK Update- 4th June, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Centre notifies guidelines for electric passenger vehicle manufacturing scheme: The Centre has released detailed guidelines for the Scheme to Promote Manufacturing of Electric Passenger Cars in India (SPMEPCI) to attract global EV investments and boost India’s status as a green mobility and automotive manufacturing hub; companies must invest at least ₹4,150 crore within 3 years and meet domestic value addition (DVA) targets of 25% in 3 years and 50% in 5 years.The scheme allows import of up to 8,000 electric four-wheelers per year at a reduced 15% customs duty for 5 years, provided each vehicle has a minimum CIF value of $35,000; the total duty foregone is capped at ₹6,484 crore or the actual investment, whichever is lower.Eligibility is limited to global or Indian companies with minimum ₹10,000 crore in automotive manufacturing revenue and ₹3,000 crore in fixed assets, based on latest audited financials; a bank guarantee equal to the higher of ₹4,150 crore or the duty foregone must be provided.Investment in land is excluded, but costs on charging infrastructure will be allowed up to 5% of the committed investment; only specific expenditures like new plant/machinery, R&D, and essential buildings will count towards the investment threshold.

 

2. Rashtriya Boudhik Sampada Mahotsav 2025 Celebrated at CSIR-IIP, Dehradun: CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, celebrated Rashtriya Boudhik Sampada Mahotsav (RBSM) 2025, under the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav initiative to promote intellectual property (IP) awareness in India.The event included a traditional lamp lighting and Saraswati Vandana, opening remarks by Dr. Deepti Agrawal, and a keynote speech by Dr. Kapil Arya on Intellectual Property Rights and patent fundamentals, followed by an interactive session.N. Vishwanadham shared insights on the role of the Patent and Publication Committee (PPC) and innovations at CSIR-IIP, while an online quiz competition on IP was held to engage scientists and research scholars.

 

3. Amit Shah inaugurates new central forensic science laboratory building in Kolkata: Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah inaugurated the newly constructed Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) building in Kolkata.The facility, built at a cost of ₹88 crore, is expected to bolster forensic capabilities across eastern and northeastern states including West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, and Sikkim.The new CFSL will strengthen forensic science support for criminal investigations, aiding a secure, transparent, and evidence-based justice system envisioned by the government under PM Narendra Modi.

 

4. FM Sitharaman inaugurates New DRI Headquarters: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman inaugurated the new headquarters building of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) in New Delhi, reinforcing the government’s commitment to strengthening economic security infrastructure.The Minister described DRI as the key guardian of India’s economic frontier, emphasizing its critical role in safeguarding the nation from threats such as smuggling, drug trafficking, and illicit trade.Sitharaman underlined DRI’s contribution to national security, stating that the agency stands as a vital pillar in India’s broader security framework.

 

5. India’s First Vande Bharat Maintenance Depot Under Construction at Bhagat Ki Kothi, Jodhpur: A first-of-its-kind Vande Bharat maintenance depot is being constructed at Bhagat Ki Kothi in the Jodhpur Railway Division, with plans to service trains from across India using three pit lines over a 600-meter area.This is the first of four such proposed depots in the country and is expected to be completed by the end of 2025, according to Jodhpur Divisional Railway Manager Anurag Tripathi.The project aims to enhance train maintenance capabilities and includes proposals for a workshop and training centre, aligning with Indian Railways’ goal to modernize infrastructure since the launch of the first Vande Bharat Express on February 15, 2019.

 

6. Uttar Pradesh Government Approves 20% Reservation for Agniveers in Police and PAC Recruitment: The Uttar Pradesh government has approved a 20% reservation for Agniveers in recruitment for various posts in the state police force and Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC) to support those completing their short-term military service under the Agnipath scheme.This reservation applies to posts including constable (civil police), constable PAC, mounted police, and fireman, along with an age relaxation of up to three years for Agniveers applying for these positions.

 

7. India’s Census 2027: This census will be unique as it will be the first digital census in the nation’s history. It will also include a caste enumeration, development since caste data has not been collected in previous censuses. The last census took place in 2011, and the planned census for 2021 was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The upcoming census will be conducted in two phases. The first phase will involve house listing and housing schedules. This phase is expected to begin on June 16, 2025, with a completion date set for February 28, 2026. The second phase will focus on population enumeration and will commence on February 27, 2027, concluding on March 1, 2027. Special provisions will be made for regions like Ladakh and certain areas of Jammu and Kashmir, where the reference date will be October 1, 2026.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India to build first-ever indigenous Polar Research Vessel with Norwegian firm: India’s Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) and Norway’s Kongsberg Oslo signed an MoU which paves the way for India to build its first ever Polar Research Vessel (PRV) indigenously.This MoU is a beacon of hope and progress, signalling India’s unwavering commitment to scientific advancement and sustainable development.The vessel will be equipped with the latest scientific equipment, enable researchers to explore the oceans’ depths, study marine ecosystems, and unlock new insights into our planet’s past, present, and future.

 

2. Stefan Schaffer Appointed CEO of Deutsche Bank’s India GCC: Deutsche Bank has appointed Stefan Schaffer as the new CEO of its India Global Capability Centre (GCC), a major technology and innovation hub for the bank.Schaffer succeeds Dilipkumar Khandelwal, who stepped down to explore opportunities in the startup ecosystem after leading key technological transformations in India.In addition to his role as CEO of India GCC, Schaffer will also serve as the Global CIO for Corporate Functions and Head of Global Technology Centers at Deutsche Bank.

 

3. Annalena Baerbock Elected President of 80th UN General Assembly Session: German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock has been elected as the President of the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA).She becomes the first German woman to hold this prestigious position in the history of the UNGA.Baerbock’s presidency is expected to focus on climate action, multilateralism, and global peacebuilding efforts.The 80th UNGA session will begin in September 2025, bringing together world leaders to address pressing global challenges.

 

4. Karol Nawrocki Wins Polish Presidential Election: Karol Nawrocki, a nationalist opposition candidate and eurosceptic historian, won Poland’s presidential election with 50.89% of the votes, narrowly defeating pro-European candidate Rafal Trzaskowski.Nawrocki, backed by the Law and Justice party (PiS), is expected to uphold conservative policies and oppose liberal reforms including changes to abortion laws and judicial

 

5. Liberal Lee Jae-myung wins South Korea’s Presidential election: South Korea’s opposition leader Lee Jae-myung is set to become the next president after winning a snap election by a significant margin, defeating incumbent President Kim Moon-soo.Lee’s victory comes six months after the previous leader declared martial law, a period marked by political turmoil and chaos in the country.

 

6. Bangladesh Introduces New Currency Notes Without Mujib: The newly issued notes include denominations of Tk 1000, Tk 50, and Tk 20. They feature motifs of Hindu and Buddhist temples, artwork by Zainul Abedin, and the national martyrs’ memorial. The design excludes human portraits, marking a departure from traditional currency that prominently displayed Mujib. The Bangladesh Bank indicated that these notes will initially be available from its headquarters in Dhaka. Since Bangladesh’s independence in 1971, Mujibur Rahman has been a central figure in the nation’s identity. His portrait has adorned all banknotes until now. The new series aims to highlight the country’s cultural landmarks, signalling a shift in national narrative under Yunus’s administration. This change is perceived as an attempt to diminish Mujib’s legacy amidst rising political tensions.

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Shailendra Nath Gupta Takes Charge as Director General of Defence Estates: Shailendra Nath Gupta, a 1990-batch Indian Defence Estates Service officer, assumed the role of Director General of Defence Estates.Before this appointment, Shri Gupta served in various capacities, including CEO of multiple Cantonment Boards, Defence Estate Officer, staff officer, Director Defence Estates (Central Command), and Principal Director Defence Estates (Eastern Command).The Directorate oversees the management and maintenance of approximately 18 lakh acres of defence land across India, operating through six commands, 38 Defence Estates Circles, and 61 Cantonment Boards.

 

2. India-Norway Maritime Cooperation in 2025: A Memorandum of About (MoU) was signed between Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE) and Norway’s Kongsberg. This agreement marks the first step towards building India’s indigenous Polar Research Vessel (PRV). The vessel will be equipped with advanced scientific tools. It aims to facilitate research in polar and oceanic environments, contributing to global scientific knowledge and climate change efforts. The MAHASAGAR initiative builds on India’s SAGAR vision. SAGAR stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region. MAHASAGAR aims for mutual and holistic advancement in maritime security and growth. It focuses on economic cooperation, capacity building, and environmental sustainability. The initiative seeks to leverage India’s extensive coastline and maritime heritage for regional prosperity.

 

3. France’s Nuclear Sharing Proposal and European Defence: Recent developments have positioned France at the forefront of European security discussions. On May 14, 2025, President Emmanuel Macron indicated France’s willingness to consider the stationing of its nuclear weapons in other European countries. This statement emerges amidst heightened security concerns due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Macron’s proposal aligns with France’s ambition for “European strategic autonomy,” aimed at enhancing the European Union’s independent defence capabilities. Nuclear sharing refers to arrangements where a nuclear-armed state places its nuclear weapons in allied non-nuclear states. The United States has implemented this model within NATO for decades, deploying B61 tactical nuclear bombs in five member countries. This strategy aims to reinforce alliance solidarity while sharing nuclear risks.

 

4. Indian Navy and EUNAVFOR Joint Naval Exercise: The Indian Navy is set to conduct a joint naval exercise with the European Union Naval Force (EUNAVFOR). This exercise will involve ships and aircraft from both sides. It aims to enhance interoperability and combat non-traditional maritime threats. The collaboration is step towards reinforcing maritime security in the Indian Ocean Region. The joint exercise follows a port visit by the Spanish frigate ESPS Reina Sofia and the Italian frigate ITS Antonio Marceglia to Mumbai. This visit marked the first of its kind under the European Union’s aegis. It marks the ongoing discussions between Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi and EU President Ursula von der Leyen about international peace and security.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. PKL legend Pardeep Narwal retires at 28: Pardeep Narwal, the most successful player in Pro Kabaddi League (PKL) history, announced his retirement from the sport after going unsold during the PKL 12 players auction. The 28-year-old announced during a live session with a sports broadcaster.Throughout his career, Narwal amassed a record-breaking 1801 raid points, averaging 9.47 raid points per match.He played a pivotal role in guiding Patna Pirates to three consecutive PKL titles during his five-season tenure with the team, cementing his place in league history.

 

2. Thailand Open 2025: Deepak, Naman Tanwar clinch Gold as India return with eight medals: In the 4th Thailand Open International Boxing Tournament, Deepak and Naman Tanwar spearheaded India’s campaign, securing two golds as part of an impressive eight-medal haul.Deepak clinched the gold with a 5:0 win over Abdurakhimov Javokhir of Uzbekistan in the 75 kg final, while Naman got the better of China’s Han Xuezhen 4:1 in the 90 kg category.In the women’s 80+kg final, Kiran went down 2:3 to Kazakhstan’s Yeldana Talipova in a keenly fought bout to settle for a silver.Five Indian women boxers, Tamanna (51kg), Priya (57kg), Sanju (60kg), Saneh (70kg), and Lalfakmawii Ralte (80kg), came up with strong performances to win bronze medals.

 

3. Royal Challengers Bengaluru Win Maiden IPL Title: Royal Challengers Bengaluru (RCB) won the Indian Premier League (IPL) trophy for the first time, defeating Punjab Kings by 6 runs at the Narendra Modi Stadium in AhmedabadRCB scored 190/9 batting first, with Virat Kohli top-scoring 43 runs and captain Rajat Patidar contributing 26 runs; Krunal Pandya’s exceptional bowling (2 wickets for 17 runs) earned him the Player of the Match award.In the season awards, Sai Sudarshan (Gujarat Titans) won the Orange Cap for most runs, Prasidh Krishna (Gujarat Titans) received the Purple Cap for most wickets, and Surya Kumar Yadav (Mumbai Indians) was named Most Valuable Player (MVP).

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. District De-Addiction Centres: The Government of India is taking steps to combat substance abuse by establishing District De-Addiction Centres (DDACs) in 291 identified gap districts. These districts lack adequate infrastructure for treating and rehabilitating individuals struggling with substance dependence. This initiative is part of the National Action Plan for Drug Demand Reduction, spearheaded by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. DDACs will serve as treatment and rehabilitation centres. Each centre will include administrative space, treatment facilities, and areas for outreach programmes. The capacity of these centres will accommodate either 15 or 30 patients at a time. Specific norms will govern their operations to ensure effective treatment.

 

2. Antarctic Ice Sheet Nears Tipping Point: Hysteresis refers to a system’s inability to return to its original state after a change in conditions. In the context of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, once a certain temperature threshold is crossed, the ice sheet continues to melt irrespective of future temperature reductions. This self-perpetuating process poses risks for global sea levels. To study the ice sheet’s long-term behaviour, researchers employed advanced computer models. These models simulated the ice sheet’s responses during historical interglacial and glacial periods over the last 800,000 years. This extensive timeframe helps scientists understand the potential future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet under current climatic conditions.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. India-US Agricultural Trade Relations and Tariff Reforms: India’s agricultural exports to the US include traditional items like frozen shrimp, basmati rice, and spices. Conversely, its imports mainly consist of high-value commodities such as almonds and pistachios. The ongoing negotiations for a bilateral trade agreement are crucial. The US is India’s largest trading partner, making this relationship very important for both nations. The NITI Aayog paper suggests India should selectively reduce tariffs on non-sensitive imports. For instance, US apples currently attract a 50% import duty. Reducing this could encourage better trade relations. Similarly, tariff adjustments on almonds and pistachios are recommended to facilitate a balanced trade environment. To improve global competitiveness, India must bridge productivity gaps. This can be achieved through embracing technology, market reforms, and enhancing logistics. The development of competitive value chains is also essential. Such reforms will strengthen India’s position in global agricultural markets.