Daily GK Update- 4th Feb, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Budget 2025-26: Fiscal Deficit for FY26 estimated at 4.4% of GDP: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman pegged fiscal deficit, the difference between expenditure and income, to 4.4 per cent of GDP (gross domestic product) for fiscal year 2025-26.The fiscal deficit target has been set at 4.4 per cent of GDP, down from 4.8 per cent in the previous year’s revised estimates, as the government moves forward with fiscal consolidation plans.Under the revised Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003, the government is mandated to reduce the fiscal deficit below 4.5 per cent by FY26.To finance the fiscal deficit, the net market borrowings from dated securities are estimated at ₹54 lakh crore.India’s Union Budget for FY26 has set total government expenditure at ₹65 trillion, marking an increase from ₹47.16 trillion in the revised estimates for 2024-25.

 

2. Budget 2025-26: ₹8,900 crore additional allocation for residential rooftop solar: The Budget 2025-26 makes an allocation of ₹20,000 crore, under ‘revenue expenditure’ for the PM Surya Garh Muft Bijli Yojana (PMSGMBY) — a scheme that provides incentives for setting up small-scale rooftop solar plants on residential roofs.This is a huge jump from the ₹6,250 crore allocation made in the Budget for 2024-25, which stood increased to ₹11,100 crore in the revised estimates for the year. The near doubling of revised estimates over the budgeted amount for 2024-25 indicates the scheme took off quite well.As such, the government has once again increased the allocations to the scheme this year, by 80 per cent over the revised estimates for last year.The PMSGMBY was launched in February 2024 with a 4-year outlay of ₹75,021 crore, with a view to engendering 10 million small-size residential rooftop installations. As of December 2024, about 700,000 installations have been completed.

 

3. Budget 2025-26: New Makhana Board and Food Institute to be opened in Bihar: Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has announced, a special Makhana Board will be established in Bihar to enhance the production, marketing, and value addition of Makhana.Farmers engaged in Makhana cultivation will be categorized as Follow-On Public Offers (FPOs) and receive training and support.The Board will ensure that Makhana farmers benefit from government schemes and receive necessary assistance.A National Institute of Food Technology, Processing, and Innovation will also be established in Bihar to promote the food sector.This initiative aims to increase farmers’ income, promote value addition, and create skilling and employment opportunities in eastern India.

 

4. Budget 2025: Govt Launches ‘Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses’ to Increase Production and Farmers’ Income: The Union budget 2025-26 has proposed Aatmanirbharta or self-sufficiency in pulses and the farmers of Rajasthan are seeing a silver lining in this as special attention would be given to the production of Tur, Urad and Masoor.The government will now launch a 6-year ‘Mission for Aatmanirbharta in Pulses’ with a special focus on Tur, Urad and Masoor. Central agencies (NAFED and NCCF) will be ready to procure these 3 pulses, as much as offered during the next 4 years from farmers who register with these agencies and enter into agreements.The pulse-producing farmers of Rajasthan will be directly benefited by this scheme. Lentils are produced in large quantities in Western Rajasthan and Kota. It is cultivated in about 38 lakh hectares in the entire state, which makes this region prominent in pulse yield.

 

5. DGCA imposes Rs 30 lakh penalty on Air India for regulatory norms violation: Aviation safety regulator DGCA has imposed a penalty of Rs 30 lakh on Tata Group-owned Air India for allegedly allowing one of its pilots to operate a flight without complying with certain regulatory requirements.The order to slap penalty came after the response of a show-cause notice to Air India’s head of operations and head of rostering, among other executives, on December 13, 2024 was found “unsatisfactory.”

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. 2 February – World Wetlands Day: World Wetlands Day is observed annually on February 2 to raise awareness about the vital role of wetlands in sustaining biodiversity and supporting human well-being.Theme 2025 – Protecting Wetlands for Our Common FutureThe day marks the signing of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands in 1971, a key international treaty aimed at conserving wetlands globally.

 

2. UK-EU Relations Post-Brexit: Recently, UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer is making progress in reshaping the relationship between the United Kingdom and the European Union. His recent visit to Brussels marks the first time a British prime minister has engaged with EU leaders since Brexit. This visit aims to enhance cooperation in defence, security, crime, and trade amidst geopolitical challenges, including the ongoing war in Ukraine and the return of Donald Trump to the White House. Starmer’s government aims to establish a “reset” with the EU. The focus is on creating a better relationship without rejoining the single market or customs union. The government is under pressure from various political factions. Conservative leaders accuse Labour of attempting to re-enter the EU, while others call for more extensive negotiations.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. India-Maldives Joint Military Exercise ‘Ekuverin’ Begins: The 13th edition of joint military exercise ‘Ekuverin’ between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Force has commenced in the archipelago nation.In 2023, it was conducted at Chaubatia in Uttarakhand from June 11 to 24.Ekuverin meaning ‘Friends’ in Dhivehi language.Indian Army and the Indian Air Force conducted a major military exercise, Exercise Devil Strike18th edition of Exercise Surya Kiran between India and Nepal Military – Saljhandi, NepalNaval Exercise SLINEX 2024 between Sri Lanka and India- VisakhapatnamJoint Military Exercise Harimau Shakti 2024 between India and Malaysia – Bentong camp, Pahang district, Malaysia.1^st edition of Joint Tabletop Exercise, CINBAX between India and Cambodia – Foreign Training Node, Pune, Maharashtra.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers win men’s Hockey India League 2024-25 Title: Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers won the 6th Men’s Hockey India League 2024-25 title, beating Hyderabad Toofans 4-3 in a tense final at a packed Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium in Rourkela.Odisha.This was the first title win for the Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers, winning them a prize of Rs 3 crore. The runners-up Hyderabad Toofan won Rs 2 crore as prize money.Earlier, the Odisha Warriors won the first edition of the Women’s Hockey India League 2024-25 title by defeating Soorma Hockey Club 2-1 in the final.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Maharashtra to establish country’s first Artificial Intelligence university: Maharashtra will establish the first Artificial Intelligence (AI) university in the country and a task force has been formed for the planning and implementation of the project.The task force includes experts from the academia, industry and government. The task force will be chaired by the Information Technology department’s principal secretary.The university will promote research and development in AI and related fields and will be a centre of excellence, encouraging collaboration between the industry, academia and government.It includes directors of the IIT Mumbai and IIM Mumbai, representatives from organisations like Google India, Mahindra Group, and L&T, and officials from the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India.Experts from the Rajiv Gandhi Science and Technology Commission and the Data Security Council of India are also part of the task force.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. UPI volume scales new peak of 16.99 billion in January: NPCI data: Unified Payments Interface (UPI) transactions saw a marginal 6 per cent month-on-month increase in volume to 16.99 billion in January, up from 16.73 billion in December 2024. This was a new record in terms of volume, since the digital system became operational in April 2016.In November, the volume was seen at 15.48 billion. On the other hand, the value also increased by 1 per cent to Rs 23.48 trillion, up from Rs 23.25 trillion in December. This was seen at Rs 21.55 trillion in November, and Rs 23.5 trillion in October, the highest so far in terms of value, said data from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).January saw a 39 per cent rise in volume, and 28 per cent value, compared to the same month last financial year. The average daily transactions during the month were 548 million, translating to around Rs 75,743 crore.

 

2. GST collections in January at Rs 1.96 lakh crore: Goods and Services Tax (GST) collections for the month of January touched Rs 1.96 lakh crore, an increase of 12.3% year-on-year basis.For the previous month, India’s GST collections rose 7.3% to Rs 1.77 lakh crore in December compared to the previous year. This growth slowed from an 8.5% increase in November.Central GST collections stood at Rs 36,100 crore while states were at Rs 44,900 crore. Additionally, for this month, integrated GST collections remained at Rs 1.01 lakh crore. Furthermore, GST cess collections was reported at Rs 13,400 crores.

 

Daily GK Update 3rd Feb, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. FM Nirmala Sitharaman presented Union Budget 2025: The Union Budget 2025-26 was presented by the Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in the Parliament recognizing 4 engines of development- agriculture, Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME), investment and exports.The Union Budget 2025-26, with the theme Sabka Vikas, aims to stimulate balanced growth across all regions. In line with the Budget theme, the finance minister outlined the broad principles of Viksit Bharat.Six key principles of Viksit Bharat as outlined in the Union Budget 2025-26

 

2. Budget 2025-26: Prioritizes Healthcare with ₹98,311 Cr Allocation: The healthcare sector received a total allocation of ₹98,311 crore, up by 9.8 percent from ₹89,287 crore in the previous fiscal year. The Budget prioritises expanding medical care and infrastructure.The government has also allocated ₹2,445 crore for PLI for the pharmaceutical industry. The sector saw a 191% increase in budgetary allocation from ₹34,286 crore in FY14-15.Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PM-JAY) got an allocation of ₹9,406 crore. The government has allocated ₹4,200 crore for the Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PMABHIM).The government allocated ₹37,226.92 crore crore to the National Health Mission (NHM). The National Tele Mental Health Programme was allocated ₹6 crore. The Union Budget allocated ₹20,046.07 crore for autonomous bodies. The allocation for All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Delhi, was increased to ₹5,200 crore.

 

3. Budget 2025-26: Surge in defence allocations to enhance armed forces: In the Union Budget 2025-26, a record-breaking allocation of Rs 6.81 lakh crore for the Ministry of Defence (MoD) has been allocated, marking a significant increase of 9.53% over the previous financial year.The total allocation of Rs 6,81,210.27 crore for MoD accounts for 13.45% of the Union Budget, the highest among all ministries.The allocation has been distributed across several critical segments of the defence sector, focusing on modernization, self-reliance, and welfare of ex-servicemen.A significant portion of the budget, Rs 1.80 lakh crore (26.43% of the total MoD allocation), has been set aside for Capital Outlay. This represents a 4.65% increase from the previous fiscal year’s allocation and focuses primarily on the modernization of the Armed Forces.

 

4. Union Budget 2025-26: Railways allocation remains unchanged at ₹2.65 lakh crore: The Budget allocation for Indian Railways for FY 2025-26 stands at ₹65 lakh crore, the same as last year’s allocation.The allocations for customer amenities in the Railways and investments in public sector units and joint ventures have been slashed.The Railway Capex stands at ₹52 lakh crore from the total ₹2.65 lakh crore allocation that include(s) Public Private Partnership investments.

In FY 2024-25, of the allocated budget of ₹65 lakh crore, the expenditure till January 23 this year stood at ₹2.09 lakh crore (79.33%). The actual utilisation of the budget for FY 2023-24 stood at ₹2.45 lakh crore, Budget documents reveal.In the Union Budget 2025-26, Indian Railways (IR) has planned to redevelop more than 1300 stations during the next 4 years. These railway stations will be redeveloped under the prestigious Amrit Bharat Station Scheme (ABSS). 

 

5. Budget 2025-26: FDI limit in insurance sector raised to 100 per cent from 74 per cent: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman has announced an increase in the foreign investment limit in the insurance sector from 74% to 100%. However, this will require amendments to the Insurance Act 1938, the Life Insurance Corporation Act 1956, and the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act 1999.This enhanced limit will be available for those companies which invest the entire premium in India.What does it mean?The move is expected to attract more players and will eventually help achieve the target of ‘Insurance for All’ by 2047. The entry of more players in the sector would not only push penetration but result in greater job creation across the country.

Currently, there are 25 life insurance companies and 34 non-life or general insurance firms in India. These include companies like Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd and ECGC Ltd.

 

6. Tata Steel becomes ‘India’s 1st’ to develop hydrogen transportation pipes: Tata Steel has become the first Indian company to develop pipes for transporting hydrogen, contributing to India’s clean energy goals.The company’s hydrogen-compliant API X65 pipes were processed at Tata Steel’s Khopoli plant using steel produced at its Kalinganagar facility.Tata Steel managed the entire production process, from designing and manufacturing hot-rolled steel to producing the final hydrogen transportation pipes.India aims to produce at least 5 MMT of Green Hydrogen annually by 2030, with potential expansion to 10 MMT per year, requiring advanced transportation infrastructure like Tata Steel’s pipes.RBI imposes monetary penalty on Equitas Small Finance Bank LimitedThe Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed penalties on Equitas Small Finance Bank and India Post Payments Bank for deficiencies in regulatory compliances.RBI has imposed a penalty of Rs 65 lakh on Equitas Small Finance Bank for non-compliance with certain directions on ‘Levy of Foreclosure Charges/Pre-payment Penalty on Floating Rate Term Loans’ and ‘Credit Flow to Agriculture — Collateral free agricultural loans’.

 

7. Railway Ministry releases ‘SwaRail’ SuperApp for testing: The Railway Ministry has released an application called SuperApp, a one-stop solution offering multiple public-facing services.The app provides easy access to services like reserved and unreserved ticket bookings, platform and parcel bookings, train inquiries, PNR inquiries, help through RailMadad and more.The core emphasis of the app is to enhance user experience through a seamless and clean user interface. It not only combines all services in one place but also integrates several services to provide users with a complete package of Indian Railway services.

 

8. India Adds 4 New Ramsar Sites, taking total to 89: The Centre has announced the addition of four new Ramsar sites in India, taking the tally to 89.Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake in Jharkhand have been included in the list of Ramsar sites in the country.India still stands as the country with the highest number of Ramsar sites in Asia and third in the world.Tamil Nadu for becoming the state with the maximum number of Ramsar sites, with a tally of 20. This a special achievement for Sikkim and Jharkhand, which have added their first Ramsar sites

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India to Host BRICS Youth Council Entrepreneurship Working Group Meeting in March 2025: The Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India will organize the BRICS Youth Council Entrepreneurship Working Group Meeting from 3rd to 7th March 2025.The theme of the meeting is “Youth Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Growth”.The meeting will be attended by around 45 youth representatives from BRICS Countries.At the Working Group Meeting, India will provide a platform for representatives of the BRICS Youth Council to exchange policies, programmes, and cooperation prospects in the field of entrepreneurship.The representatives will be given a platform to share their experiences in youth-related work and discuss cooperation in the field of entrepreneurship amongst BRICS countries.

 

2. Niger becomes first African country to eliminate onchocerciasis: Niger becomes the first African country to eliminate onchocerciasis (river blindness), as recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO).Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by black flies, primarily affecting rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, and parts of Latin America.Niger’s elimination efforts included vector control measures (spraying insecticides) and mass drug administration (MDA) using ivermectin and albendazole from 2008 to 2019.The prevalence of onchocerciasis in Niger dropped from approximately 60% to 0.02% after extensive control programs and medical interventions.Niger joins four other countries that have been verified by WHO for eliminating onchocerciasis, all in the Region of the Americas: Colombia (2013), Ecuador (2014), Guatemala (2016) and Mexico (2015).

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. 1 February – Indian Coast Guard Day: Indian Coast Guard Day is observed annually on February 1. India celebrating the 49th Indian Coast Guard Day this year.It is a day to celebrate the institution that protects India’s coastlines and enforces laws in the nation’s maritime areas.The Indian Coast Guard Day was declared by the Indian Parliament on August 18, 1978. The Indian Coast Guard was formed on February 1, 1977, to stop the smuggling of goods by sea that hindered India’s domestic economy.Founded in 1977 with only 7 surface ships, it currently boasts a fleet of 78 aircraft and 158 ships.The ICG department is the fourth largest Coast Guard in the world, according to the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

 

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Govt clears participation of 88-member Indian contingent at Asian Winter Games 2025: The government has approved the participation of the Indian contingent at the 9th Asian Winter Games 2025, to be held from 7th to 14th February in Harbin, China.The participation of an 88-member Indian contingent, which includes 59 athletes and 29 team officials.For the first time, full financial support is being extended under the Assistance to National Sports Federations Scheme to athletes competing in Alpine Skiing, Cross-Country Skiing, Figure Skating, Short Track Speed Skating, and Speed Skating (Long Track).

 

2. Sachin Tendulkar received BCCI’s Lifetime Achievement Award: Legendary former cricketer Sachin Tendulkar honoured with the BCCI’s Lifetime Achievement Award at the Board’s annual gala in Mumbai.Tendulkar become the 31st recipient of the prestigious award, which was instituted in 1994 in honour of India’s first cricket captain, Col. C.K. Nayudu.The 51-year-old Tendulkar, who played an incredible 664 international matches for India, holds the record for the highest number of Test and ODI runs in cricket history. He amassed 15,921 runs in Tests and a staggering 18,426 runs in ODIs.Tendulkar also holds the record for the most appearances in both formats, with 200 Test matches and 463 ODIs to his name.In 2023, the Lifetime Achievement Award was presented to former India head coach Ravi Shastri and wicket-keeping legend Farokh Engineer.

 

3. R Praggnanandhaa wins Tata Steel Chess Masters 2025 : In Chess, Indian Grandmaster R. Praggnanandhaa clinched the prestigious Tata Steel Masters 2025 title in a thrilling showdown, defeating reigning World Champion D. Gukesh in a nail-biting tiebreaker last night at Wijk aan Zee, Netherlands.This victory makes R. Praggnanandhaa the first Indian since Viswanathan Anand in 2006 to claim the prestigious title.The 14-player round-robin event ended dramatically, with both Gukesh and Pragg tied at 8.5 points after 13 rounds. Gukesh, unbeaten throughout the tournament, lost his final classical game to Grandmaster Arjun Erigaisi, while Pragg was defeated by Vincent Keymer in a long battle.

 

4. India Beat South Africa By 9 Wickets to Defend U-19 Women’s T20 World Cup Title: India has defended their ICC Under-19 Women’s T20 World Cup title, beating South Africa by 9 wickets in the final match at the Bayuemas Oval in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Gongadi Trisha’s unbeaten innings of 44 runs helped Niki Prasad led Women in Blue to chase the target of 83 runs in the 12th over. She also got Player of the Match award. Earlier, South Africa got bundled out for just 82 runs.Indian batter Gongadi Trisha emerged as the leading run-getter in this World Cup, scoring 309 runs and becoming Player of the Tournament. On the other hand, Vaishnavi Sharma became the highest wicket-taker with 17 wickets in 6 matches, including a hat-trick.India had won the title in the inaugural edition in 2023 after beating England by seven wickets in the final.

 

 

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. India’s GDP Growth Projected at 6.4% for FY 2025: India’s real GDP is estimated to grow by 6.4 percent in the financial year 2025, and the growth is likely to range between 6.3 and 6.8 percent in the financial year 2026.This was projected in the Economic Survey presented by the Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in both Houses of Parliament.The survey highlights that the country’s GDP at constant (2011-12) prices grew by 6.7 percent in Quarter one and 5.4 percent in Quarter two of the financial year of 2025.Retail headline inflation, as per the Consumer Price Index, has softened from 5.4 percent in the financial year 2024 to 4.9 percent in April to December 2024.

 

2. India Post Payments Bank and PNB MetLife partner to expand life insurance access nationwide: India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) and PNB MetLife India Insurance Company Limited (PNB MetLife) entered into a strategic bancassurance alliance to extend access to life insurance solutions for millions of individuals nationwide.Under the collaboration, PNB MetLife’s life insurance products, combined with IPPB’s network of 650 banking outlets and 110 million customers, will make life insurance accessible to every household in India.This partnership aims to help customers achieve their dreams while promoting financial inclusion across the country.India Post Payments Bank (IPPB) has been established under the Department of Posts, Ministry of Communication with 100 percent equity owned by Government of India

 

3. Shriram GI Unveils Shri Health Suraksha Insurance – A Comprehensive and Affordable Health Plan: Shriram General Insurance (SGIC) has unveiled its first indemnity health insurance plan, Shri Health Suraksha Insurance, aimed at providing comprehensive coverage at an affordable premium.The plan covers a diverse range of treatments, including modern medical procedures and AYUSH treatments (Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy), catering to the varied healthcare needs of individuals and families.With nationwide coverage, Shri Health Suraksha Insurance allows policyholders to access cashless treatments at over 13,000 network hospitals. The plan offers multiple sum-insured options, ensuring flexibility and affordability for a broad spectrum of policyholders.MD & CEO of Shriram General Insurance Company – Anil Aggarwal

 

Daily GK Update- 2nd Feb, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Garuda Aerospace commits ₹100 crore for developing India’s first drone city in Andhra Pradesh: Chennai-based Garuda Aerospace, a drone manufacturer, has announced an investment of ₹100 crore for the development of Andhra Pradesh as India’s first ‘Drone City’.The project aims to foster drone innovation, research, and development, transforming the nation into a global hub for drone technology.Founder & CEO of Garuda Aerospace – Agnishwar Jayaprakash

 

2. Justice Harsh Kumar to head Judicial Commission on Maha Kumbh Stampede: The Uttar Pradesh government of Yogi Adityanath has set up a three-member judicial committee headed by retired judge of the Allahabad High Court Justice Harsh Kumar, to inquire into the stampede incident in Maha Kumbh at Prayagraj on 29 January 2025.The three-member Inquiry Committee consists of Justice (retd.) Harsh Kumar, former Director General of Police V K Gupta, and retired IAS officer D K Singh.The commission will examine the cause and circumstances that led to the stampede and will recommend measures to prevent such incidents in the future. The commission has to submit its report to the Uttar Pradesh government within one month.According to the Uttar Pradesh Government, 30 people were killed and 60 were injured in the pre-dawn stampede at the Sangam area of the Maha Kumbh as millions of people rushed to take a holy dip on the occasion of Mauni Amavasya (new moon day) on 29 January 2025.

 

3. Rajesh Nirwan appointed as Director General at BCAS: The Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) has approved the proposal of the Ministry of Civil Aviation for the appointment of senior IPS Officer, Rajesh Nirwan as the Director General of the Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) under the Ministry of Civil Aviation.Rajesh Nirwan, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer of the Rajasthan cadre from the 1992 batch, brings extensive experience and expertise to his new role.BCAS, functioning under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, is responsible for ensuring the security of civil aviation operations across India. The Bureau plays a pivotal role in maintaining and upgrading aviation security standards in line with international protocols, safeguarding civil aviation operations from acts of unlawful interference.

 

4. Amit Shah releases “Indian Renaissance: The Modi Decade” book: Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Amit Shah has released “Indian Renaissance: The Modi Decade” book in New Delhi.Amit Shah said that in the past 10 years of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi’s tenure have marked the end of an era and the beginning of a new one. He emphasized that whenever India’s history is rewritten, even Modi Ji’s staunchest critics will acknowledge these 10 years in golden letters.

 

5. PM-JANMAN Package for Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups: The PM-JANMAN package is initiative launched in November 2023 to enhance the living conditions of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India. The programme aims for 100% saturation of essential services like housing, water, and roads across PVTG habitations. It addresses the socio-economic challenges faced by 75 PVTG communities in 18 states and one Union Territory. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs oversees the implementation in collaboration with nine line ministries and state governments. Initially, the process faced delays due to data entry requirements on the PM-GatiShakti portal. However, recent clarifications have expedited the sanctioning of homes, with over 4 lakh homes sanctioned as of November 2024.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. EU Resumes Monitoring at Rafah Border Crossing: The Rafah border crossing between Gaza and Egypt has reopened for medical evacuations after being closed since May 2024. This reopening comes amid ongoing conflict in Gaza and is development for humanitarian efforts. The European Union (EU) has reinstated its civilian mission to monitor this critical transit point. The mission aims to support the transfer of individuals needing medical care and to facilitate the movement of injured civilians and Hamas fighters. On the reopening day, the crossing will initially allow 50 injured fighters and 50 wounded civilians to enter Egypt, along with their escorts. An additional 100 individuals, likely students, will also be permitted to cross on humanitarian grounds. The movement will be one-way, from Gaza to Egypt. The EU’s involvement signifies a collaborative effort to address the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Russian Icebreaker Collision in Kara Sea : The collision of the Russian nuclear-powered icebreaker, 50 Let Pobedy, with a cargo vessel in the Kara Sea on January 26, 2025, has raised concerns about safety and navigation in the Arctic region. The impact caused damage to the icebreaker but did not compromise its seaworthiness or safety systems. This incident puts stress on the strategic importance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for Russia amid rising global temperatures and increasing shipping activity. Russia operates a substantial fleet of icebreakers, including nuclear-powered vessels, positioning itself as a leader in Arctic navigation. The country has seven operational nuclear icebreakers and plans to expand its fleet further. The upcoming Rossiya, expected to be the most powerful icebreaker globally, will enhance Russia’s capabilities in the Arctic.

 

2. Indian Navy Women Officers Cross Point Nemo: Recently, two Indian Navy women officers, Lt. Cdr. Dilna K. and Lt. Cdr. Roopa A., successfully navigated through Point Nemo, the most remote location on Earth, during their expedition aboard the sailing vessel INSV Tarini. This historic journey is part of the Navika Sagar Parikrama-II initiative, promoting women’s participation in maritime activities. The water samples collected by the officers will be analysed by the National Institute of Oceanography. This research aims to provide vital information about oceanic conditions, including chemical composition and marine biodiversity. Such studies contribute to our understanding of global ocean health.

 

3. India’s Defence Strategy on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems: India’s Defence Ministry recently conducted a pilot study on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS). This study marks the transformative potential of these technologies. It raises critical questions regarding control, accountability, and ethical deployment. The study was carried out in collaboration with the Manohar Parrikar Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses. The Defence Ministry has adopted a framework for evaluating trustworthy AI. This framework is based on five core principles – reliability, transparency, fairness, privacy, and safety. These principles ensure that AI use in defence adheres to humanitarian concerns.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Who is Shubhanshu Shukla?: Recently, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla is poised to make history as the first Indian astronaut to travel to the International Space Station (ISS). Selected to pilot the Axiom Mission 4, Shukla represents milestone for India’s participation in human spaceflight. The mission is a collaboration between Axiom Space and NASA, aiming to enhance international cooperation in space exploration. Shubhanshu Shukla is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy in Pune. After joining the Indian Air Force (IAF) in June 2006, he progressed to Group Captain by March 2024. Shukla has accumulated over 2,000 flight hours across various aircraft, including the Su-30 MKI and MiG-29. His journey into space began when the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) selected him for training in 2019 at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Russia.

 

2. ISRO’s NVS-02 Satellite Faces Orbit Raising Challenges: The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) recently encountered a setback with the NVS-02 satellite. Launched on January 29, 2025, this marked ISRO’s 100th launch. The satellite was intended to be positioned in a designated orbital slot. However, a valve malfunction prevented the necessary orbit raising operations. Currently, the NVS-02 satellite remains in an elliptical orbit. The satellite’s systems are reported to be healthy. Communication with ground stations has been established. Solar panels on the satellite have been deployed and are generating power nominally.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. IBA honours Karnataka Bank with six awards for banking technology excellence: Karnataka Bank has won awards in six categories at the ‘20th Annual Banking Technology Conference, Expo & Citations, 2024’, instituted by the Indian Banks’ Association, recently.The awards were: ‘Best Tech Talent and Organization’, ‘Best IT Risk Management’, ‘Best Technology Bank’, and ‘Best Fintech and DPI Adoption’ (all runner-ups); and ‘Best Digital Sales, Payments and Engagement’ and ‘Best AI and ML Adoption’ (special mention).

 

2. The Rise of Card Tokenisation in India: Card tokenisation has rapidly transformed the digital payment landscape in India. As of December 2024, over 91 crore tokens have been issued, facilitating more than 320 crore transactions valued at nearly ₹11 lakh crore. This growth puts stress on the shift towards enhanced security in e-commerce, with 98 per cent of online transactions now processed without actual card data. In October 2022, the RBI mandated that businesses stop storing customer card data. This policy shift aimed to enhance consumer protection and ensure that sensitive information was not exposed on third-party platforms. Tokenisation has become essential for securing digital payments, reducing the risk of data breaches.

 

Daily GK Update- 1st Feb, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Pramod Sawant inaugurates the Sci-FI Science Film Festival of India: Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant has inaugurated the 10th Sci-FI Science Film Festival of India in Panaji.The annual Sci-FI Science Film Festival of India is organised by the Goa government every year to foster curiosity, scientific temperament, and enthusiasm amongst the students.The festival will inspire the youth of the state to pursue a career in science and play a crucial role in making India a developed country by 2047.The theme of the 10th Sci-FI Science Film Festival of India is the Green Revolution. It is a tribute to the father of the Indian Green Revolution Dr M S Swaminathan.

 

2. KPI Green Energy signs ₹1,311 crore solar project deal with Coal India: KPI Green Energy Limited has signed a agreement with Coal India Limited to develop a 300 MW AC grid-connected solar PV plant in Gujarat’s Khavda region.The project, valued at ₹1,311.40 crore, will be installed at GIPCL’s Solar Park and includes operation and maintenance services for five years.The project demonstrates the ongoing transition in India’s energy sector, with traditional fossil fuel companies like Coal India increasingly investing in renewable energy infrastructure.

 

3. Garuda Aerospace commits ₹100 crore for developing India’s first drone city in Andhra Pradesh: Chennai-based Garuda Aerospace, a drone manufacturer, has announced an investment of ₹100 crore for the development of Andhra Pradesh as India’s first ‘Drone City’.The project aims to foster drone innovation, research, and development, transforming the nation into a global hub for drone technology.Founder & CEO of Garuda Aerospace – Agnishwar Jayaprakash

 

4. Govt forms GoM on financial viability of Discoms : The Government of India has set up a Group of Ministers to address issues related to the viability of the electricity distribution utilities in the country. Union Minister of State for Power and New and Renewable Energy, Shripad Yesso Naik, is the Chairman of the Group of Ministers.The Group of Ministers will analyze and make recommendations to the government on the following issues –Analyze the debt of the Electricity distribution boards in key states of India.Identify parameters that need to be monitored to ensure borrowings by electricity distribution utilities are productive.Identify States that are in urgent need of liquidity support (cash) and suggest a fiscal discipline program to enable them to avoid a debt trap.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Hisashi Takeuchi re-appointed as Maruti Suzuki’s MD and CEO: Maruti Suzuki India has re-appointed of Hisashi Takeuchi as the company’s Managing Director (MD) and Chief Executive Officer (CEO).Takeuchi’s term has been extended for a period of three years from April 1, 2025 till March 31, 2028.Takeuchi took charge as Maruti Suzuki’s MD and CEO on April 1, 2022, after Kenichi Ayukawa completed his term on March 31, 2022. Maruti Suzuki’s Board has also recommended the re-appointment of Maheswar Sahu as an Independent Director for a further period of five years, from May 14, 2025, to May 13, 2030.

 

2. 30 January – World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day: World Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) Day is observed annually on January 30 to raise awareness about neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and mobilize global efforts to eliminate them.These diseases affect over 1.7 billion people worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions with poor access to healthcare, clean water, and sanitation.Theme 2025 – Act. Eliminate.It was officially recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2021.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Thomas Cook India appointed as exclusive partner for National Games 2025: Omnichannel travel firm Thomas Cook (India) has partnered with the central government for providing accommodation, catering and transport services for the National Games of India 2025 being held in Uttarakhand.National Games of India 2025 is a multi-sport extravaganza bringing together top athletes from across the country to participate in 32 sporting disciplines and 4 demonstration events during January 28-February 14, 2025.Thomas Cook India has been appointed the exclusive partner to deliver end-to-end management across 3 key portfolios of accommodation, catering and transport for 20,000 contingents, including over 10,000 athletes, 5,000 support staff, and 3,000 dignitaries.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. IAF’s Shubhanshu Shukla to Become First Indian Astronaut on Private Space Mission to ISS: Indian Air Force Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla will be the first Indian astronaut to travel to the International Space Station (ISS) on a private mission.Shukla will fly aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, as part of the Axiom Mission 4 (Ax-4), a joint venture between NASA and ISRO.Born on October 10, 1985, in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, Shukla was commissioned into the Indian Air Force (IAF) Fighter Wing in 2006 and underwent astronaut training in Moscow in 2019.The Ax-4 mission will be commanded by former NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson. Shukla will serve as the mission pilot, alongside mission specialists Slawosz Uznanski-Wisniewski (Poland) and Tibor Kapu (Hungary).The crew will spend up to 14 days aboard the ISS, conducting scientific experiments, educational outreach, and commercial activities with NASA and ISRO.

 

 

 

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Govt unveils new Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme to support MSME growth: The Centre has approved the introduction of the Mutual Credit Guarantee Scheme for MSMEs (MCGS—MSME), which provides 60 percent guarantee coverage by National Credit Guarantee Trustee Company Limited (NCGTC) to Member Lending Institutions (MLIs) for credit facilities up to Rs. 100 crore sanctioned to eligible MSMEs. This fulfils the budget announcement of 2024-25.MCGS-MSME is expected to facilitate the availability of credit for the purchase of Plant and Machinery/Equipment by MSMEs, giving a major boost to manufacturing and thereby to Make in India.MLIs include All Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs), Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) and All India Financial institutions (AIFIs) that register with NCGTC under the scheme.Borrower should be an MSME with a valid Udyam Registration Number. The loan amount guaranteed shall not exceed Rs. 100 crore.

 

2. IRDAI caps senior citizen health premium hike at 10% annually: The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Irdai) has stepped in to curb steep health insurance premium hikes.Insurers can no longer raise premiums for policyholders aged 60 and above by more than 10% per year without prior approval, which will ensure accessibility of health insurance to those who are the most vulnerable to medical inflation.

 

Daily GK Update- 31st Jan, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. e-Shram Microsites and Occupational Shortage Index Launched: Recently, the Government of India launched two major initiatives aimed at improving the welfare of unorganised workers. These initiatives are part of a broader strategy to enhance employment outcomes and streamline access to government welfare programs. The initiatives were introduced by Union Minister Mansukh Mandaviya during a meeting with State and Union Territory Labour Ministers. They allow unorganised workers to access both central and state government welfare programs.The microsites simplify the registration process for these workers and provide a single point of access to various employment opportunities and skilling programs.They are multilingual, catering to workers from diverse linguistic backgrounds. This feature ensures that workers can navigate the platform comfortably in their preferred language.

 

2. Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2023-24: The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) for 2023-24 reveals critical vital information about India’s economic landscape. The survey indicates shifts in spending patterns across rural and urban areas. These changes reflect broader economic transformations and evolving societal priorities. As India approaches the Union Budget 2025, addressing consumption and income inequality is crucial. The government may need to enhance purchasing power for lower-income households and increase disposable income for the middle class. Potential interventions could include tax relief and support for small businesses. Encouraging private sector job creation is also vital for sustaining economic momentum.

 

3. Gujarat Declares First Biodiversity Heritage Site: Recently, the Gujarat Biodiversity Board announced the designation of the ‘Inland Mangrove Guneri’ in Kutch as the state’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS). This initiative aims to protect a unique mangrove ecosystem that thrives in a non-tidal environment. The site spans 32.78 hectares and is for its ecological diversity. The declaration represents a milestone in Gujarat’s commitment to biodiversity conservation. The primary objectives of declaring a site as a BHS include enhancing biodiversity conservation. It aims to promote harmony between nature and society. The initiative seeks to encourage conservation ethics and improve the quality of life for local communities. It also addresses the rapid loss of biodiversity in intensively managed areas.

 

4. Ammonia Pollution in Yamuna: Recent events have brought into light the ongoing water crisis affecting Delhi, primarily due to ammonia pollution in the Yamuna River. The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) has accused the Haryana government of releasing excessive ammonia levels, which jeopardises the water supply for millions of Delhi residents. This situation has sparked a political and environmental debate over the management of the river and its tributaries. In the Yamuna, where pollution levels often exceed treatment plant capacities. The Delhi Jal Board can only process water with ammonia levels below one part per million (ppm). Elevated ammonia levels lead to disruptions in the water supply, especially during winter months when freshwater inflow is minimal. This results in a public health concern as residents rely on treated water for daily needs.

 

5. Supreme Court of India – A People’s Court Evolution: The Supreme Court of India has undergone transformation since its inception in 1950. Celebrating 75 years, Chief Justice Sanjiv Khanna brought into light its role as a “true people’s court”. This transformation reflects its commitment to social, economic, and political justice. Despite its achievements, the Supreme Court faces three major challenges. First, the backlog of cases leads to delays in justice. Second, the rising costs of litigation hinder accessibility for the average citizen. Third, the prevalence of falsehood undermines the integrity of justice. Addressing these issues is crucial for the court’s continued effectiveness.

 

6. Prayagraj MahaKumbh Mela Stampede: The Prayagraj MahaKumbh Mela is Hindu pilgrimage that attracts millions of devotees. On January 29, 2025, a tragic stampede occurred during the Mauni Amavasya celebrations, leading to injuries and fatalities. The day is considered highly auspicious, drawing an estimated 10 crore devotees to the Triveni Sangam for a holy dip. The stampede happened between 1 AM and 2 AM as devotees rushed towards the Sangam for the Amrit Snan. A barrier collapsed, causing panic and chaos. Reports indicated that misinformation exacerbated the situation, leading to a surge in the crowd. Many devotees were injured, prompting immediate medical assistance.

 

7. Elephant Spotted in  Namdapha National Park After 12 Years: Recent developments in Namdapha National Park have sparked renewed interest in wildlife conservation. An adult male elephant was recorded in the park after a 12-year absence. This sighting is for both ecological research and community engagement in conservation efforts. Namdapha is crucial for biodiversity. It features diverse ecosystems ranging from tropical evergreen forests to temperate broadleaf forests. The park’s elevation ranges from 200 to 4,571 metres. This variation supports a wide range of flora and fauna, making it an essential ecological zone.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Legal Challenges of US Birthright Citizenship: Birthright citizenship has recently been at the forefront of legal debates in the United States. A U.S. District judge blocked an executive order by President Trump that sought to redefine this principle. The ruling marks the ongoing struggle over citizenship rights in America. The 14th Amendment emerged from a long fight against slavery. It was designed to dismantle the legal framework supporting racial hierarchy. It works alongside the 13th Amendment, which abolished slavery, and the 15th Amendment, which granted voting rights irrespective of race. The 14th Amendment directly challenged the Dred Scott decision of 1857, which denied citizenship to African Americans.

2. US Funding Freeze Threatens Global HIV Treatment Efforts: The recent funding freeze imposed by the United States government has raised concerns regarding the future of HIV treatment and care worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that this halt could lead to increased illness and death among those living with HIV. The President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has played important role in combating the HIV epidemic for over two decades. It has provided treatment and care to millions, and the current funding pause jeopardises these efforts. The funding pause reflects a broader trend of the US stepping back from global health leadership. This includes the decision to withdraw from the WHO and reinstating the Mexico City Policy, which restricts funding for foreign organisations that provide abortion-related services. Critics argue that these actions undermine global health initiatives.

 

3. International AI Safety Report: The International AI Safety report, released in 2025, outlines critical challenges associated with rapidly evolving artificial intelligence technologies. This comprehensive document addresses various threats, including job displacement, environmental impact, and security risks. The report stems from discussions held during the 2023 global AI safety summit.. AI presents new challenges in cybersecurity, particularly through autonomous bots that can identify vulnerabilities in open-source software. However, current AI systems are not yet capable of executing attacks independently. This limitation reflects the ongoing development of AI technologies and their potential misuse.

 

4. Israel Cuts Ties with UNRWA: In October 2024, Israeli parliament (Knesset) had passed laws to stop the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) from operating in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem. The laws also prohibit any contact between Israeli authorities and UNRWA. They came to effect on January 30, 2025. As the occupying power, Israel holds responsibility for the welfare of the population in the occupied territories. The termination of UNRWA’s mandate raises questions about Israel’s obligations under international law and the potential implications for public services in the region.

 

5. Resumption of Kailash Mansarovar Yatra: India and China have recently agreed to resume the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra, marking moment in bilateral relations. This decision follows Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri’s visit to Beijing and comes after months of negotiations to resolve military tensions at the Line of Actual Control. The yatra, which was halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent geopolitical tensions, is now set to recommence under existing agreements. Many believe that completing the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra leads to Moksha or liberation. The pilgrimage includes the Kailash Kora, a circumambulation of the mountain, which takes several days. The mountain’s mysteries, including its unique shape and sounds, have intrigued scientists and spiritual seekers alike.

 

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Red Cross Raises Alarm Over Ebola Risks in  Goma: The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed serious concerns regarding the potential escape of Ebola samples from a laboratory in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Ongoing fighting in the city has raised fears of power cuts that could compromise the integrity of these samples. The ICRC urges immediate action to protect these pathogens, warning of catastrophic consequences if they were to spread. The ICRC marks the critical need to safeguard laboratories holding dangerous pathogens like Ebola. Power outages and conflict can lead to catastrophic scenarios where these samples are compromised. The situation in Goma puts stress on the importance of maintaining biosecurity in conflict zones.

 

2. India’s Role in United Nations Peacekeeping Missions: India has a long-standing commitment to United Nations peacekeeping missions. This commitment is brought into light by recent events in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Following the tragic deaths of peacekeepers, UN officials expressed gratitude for India’s contributions. India has deployed number of troops and police personnel to various missions, showcasing its dedication to global peace. UN peacekeeping involves activities aimed at maintaining or restoring international peace.Established in 1948, it operates under principles of consent, impartiality, and non-use of force except for self-defence.

Today, approximately 100,000 personnel from 125 countries are engaged in active missions worldwide.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. OpenAI Launches ChatGPT Gov for U.S. Agencies: OpenAI has recently introduced ChatGPT Gov, a tailored version of its AI model designed specifically for U.S. government agencies. This initiative aims to enhance the efficiency of public services while ensuring compliance with stringent security standards. By providing access to advanced AI tools, OpenAI seeks to empower policymakers to improve government operations. Several government entities have successfully implemented ChatGPT. The Air Force Research Laboratory uses it for administrative tasks and AI education. Los Alamos National Laboratory employs the platform for scientific research. Additionally, Minnesota’s Enterprise Translations Office has improved translation services, while Pennsylvania’s pilot program has reduced time spent on routine tasks.

 

2. Implications of Earth’s Magnetic North Pole Shift: Recent studies have brought into light changes in the Earth’s magnetic north pole. This shift has deep effects on the behaviour of charged particles in the Earth’s magnetosphere. About these changes is crucial for predicting space weather and safeguarding satellite systems. The magnetic north pole was discovered by Sir James Clark Ross in 1831 in northern Canada. Since then, it has moved , now located approximately 400 kilometres northwest of its original position. Historical movements have varied, with the pole typically moving about 10 kilometres per year over the last 400 years. Recent activity has shown unprecedented acceleration, warranting close monitoring by scientists.

 

3. ISRO Achieves 100th Launch Milestone: On January 29, 2025, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) marked milestone by successfully completing its 100th launch from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. The mission involved the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-F15), which carried the NVS-02 satellite into orbit. This launch not only represents a technical achievement but also marks India’s growing capabilities in space exploration and technology. ISRO’s journey began with its first launch on August 10, 1979, involving the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3 E10). Over the years, ISRO has developed six generations of launch vehicles, advancing its capabilities. The successful launch of NVS-02 is a testament to this evolution.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) 2023-24: The Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE) for 2023-24 reveals growth in India’s unincorporated non-agricultural sector. Released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on 24 December 2024, the survey emphasises the sector’s crucial role in employment and GDP contribution. The unincorporated non-agricultural sector employed over 12 crore workers during the survey period, an increase of more than one crore from the previous year. Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal accounted for over one-third of this workforce. Internet usage for business purposes rose from 21.10% to 26.70%. This reflects a strong trend towards digitalisation within the sector, particularly among trading establishments.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Christine Carla Kangaloo Receives Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award: The Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award has been awarded to Christine Carla Kangaloo, the President of  Trinidad and Tobago. This recognition marks her contributions to public affairs and her role in enhancing India’s global reputation. The award was presented by the High Commissioner of India during a Republic Day reception. Kangaloo’s achievements were celebrated at the 18th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas Convention in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, where she served as the chief guest. Indian diaspora has significant impact on Trinidad and Tobago. Descendants of Indian indentured workers now make up approximately 42 per cent of the nation’s population. They have enriched the cultural, social, and economic landscape of Trinidad and Tobago through their traditions and heritage.

 

2. Wing Commander Akshay Saxena Receives Vayu Sena Medal
: Wing Commander Akshay Saxena has been awarded the Vayu Sena Medal (Gallantry) for his exceptional contributions during anti-piracy operations in the Arabian Sea. This recognition marks the increasing threats posed by piracy in international waters, particularly from Houthi rebels targeting merchant vessels. The operation, conducted on 16 March last year, was part of the Indian Navy’s Operation Sankalp, aimed at ensuring maritime security in the region. INS Talwar, a Talwar-class frigate, plays role in Operation Sankalp. This vessel is equipped for anti-air, anti-ship, and anti-submarine warfare. Its deployment marks India’s commitment to securing its maritime interests, particularly given its reliance on oil imports from the Gulf region.