Daily GK Update- 27th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Shirui Lily Festival 2025 Concludes in Manipur with Emphasis on Sustainability and Cultural Unity: The five-day Shirui Lily Festival 2025 concluded successfully in Ukhrul district of Manipur, featuring cultural events and outdoor activities organised by Manipur Tourism.Trekking to Shirui Kashong Peak was a key attraction, with around 6,000 people registered by the third day and more joining later, highlighting the festival’s popularity.The festival emphasized environmental concerns, particularly the endangered Shirui Lily’s decline due to deforestation and climate change, and called for sustainable tourism to protect the region’s unique ecosystem.

 

2. PM Modi dedicates the Railways Dahod Locomotive Plant to the Nation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated India’s first 9000 HP (horsepower) electric locomotive plant of Indian Railways at Dahod, Gujarat, to nation built at a cost of ₹21,405 crore.The plant’s foundation was laid in 2022 and is operated in collaboration with Siemens India, a subsidiary of the German engineering firm Siemens AG.The locomotives are 90% indigenously manufactured, with Siemens responsible for their design, engineering, and maintenance.The plant has a production capacity of 120 electric engines annually, expandable to 150, and the locomotives will haul up to 4600 tonnes, primarily for freight trains.

 

3. Scindia unveils ‘Innovate to Transform’ as theme for 9th edition of India Mobile Congress: Union Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia unveiled “Innovate to Transform” as the theme for IMC 2025, to be held from October 8–11 at Yashobhoomi Convention Centre, Delhi. The event will showcase India’s technological growth and serve as a global platform for industries, investors, and innovators.Scindia launched the expanded ‘Sanchar Mitra Scheme’, turning it into a national movement that engages student volunteers to promote telecom awareness, cybersecurity, and digital empowerment, embodying India’s leadership in Democracy, Demography, Digitization, and Delivery.IMC 2025 will feature over 1,000 tech use-cases, 400+ exhibitors, 7,000+ global delegates, and 500+ startups, spotlighting cutting-edge technologies like 5G, 6G, AI, IoT, and green tech, while facilitating investment, collaboration, and global networking through its flagship startup programme ASPIRE.

 

4. Lion Population Growth in Gujarat: The recent lion census conducted by the Gujarat Forest Department reveals growth in the Asiatic lion population. This is the first census since 2020, showing a remarkable 32% increase in the lion population from 2020 to 2025. The total number of lions is now reported at 891. This growth reflects successful conservation efforts and changing dynamics in lion distribution across Gujarat. The range of lion distribution has expanded . From 1995 to 2025, the area occupied by lions grew from 10,000 square kilometres to 35,000 square kilometres. This expansion includes various districts such as Amreli, Gir-Somnath, and Junagadh, with Amreli reporting the highest concentration of 339 lions.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India’s Parliamentary Delegations Engage Multiple Countries to Highlight Firm Stance Against Terrorism: The all-party delegation led by Congress MP Shashi Tharoor in the US emphasized India’s precise response to terrorist bases in Pakistan after the Pahalgam attack and condemned Pakistan’s revisionist ambitions, while calling for India’s peaceful growth and development.Another multi-party delegation led by NCP MP Supriya Sule arrived in Qatar, where they were welcomed by India’s Ambassador Vipul; members include Anand Sharma, Rajeev Pratap Rudy, and Anurag Thakur, continuing India’s global anti-terrorism outreach.The DMK-led delegation headed by Kanimozhi completed their Moscow visit, engaging with major Russian media and highlighting evolving terrorist tactics, state propaganda, and India’s demand for accountability for cross-border terror attacks.Other delegations led by JD(U) MP Sanjay Jha (South Korea), Shiv Sena MP Shrikant Shinde (DR Congo), Baijayant Panda (Bahrain), and BJP MP Ravi Shankar Prasad (Europe) continue diplomatic visits, reinforcing India’s firm zero-tolerance stance against terrorism worldwide.

 

2. 25 May – World Football Day: Football Day is observed every year on 25th May, as declared by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) in May 2024.The day aims to promote peace, unity, and global cooperation through the universal love of football, recognizing its role in development and diplomacy.The UNGA resolution was co-sponsored by over 80 countries, including major footballing nations like Brazil, Argentina, and Russia.2024 marks the 100th anniversary of the first international football tournament in history with the representation of all regions, which took place on May 25, 1924, during the summer Olympic games held in Paris.

 

3. 25 – 31 May – International Week of Solidarity with the Peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories: The United Nations observes this week each year from 25 to 31 May to express global solidarity with the peoples of Non-Self-Governing Territories—territories that have not yet achieved full political independence or self-government.It reaffirms the UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples, supporting the right of these territories to self-government and political independence.

 

4. 24 May – World Schizophrenia Awareness Day: World Schizophrenia Awareness Day is observed every year on 24 May to raise awareness about schizophrenia, reduce the stigma, and promote better understanding of mental health.Theme 2025- Rethink the Label: Reclaim the StorySchizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It often involves hallucinations, delusions, and cognitive difficulties.The day honours the efforts of medical professionals, caregivers, and organisations working to improve the lives of people living with schizophrenia through early diagnosis, treatment, and community support.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Russia’s Sukhoi Su-57E Fighter Jet Challenges: The Sukhoi Su-57E represents Russia’s ambition to compete in the global fifth-generation fighter market. Despite efforts to promote this aircraft, challenges persist. The recent Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA 2025) in Malaysia brought into light these difficulties. The expected showcase of the Sukhoi Su-57E did not materialise, as only a scale model was displayed. This absence raises critical questions about the aircraft’s readiness for export. The Sukhoi Su-57E is the export version of the Su-57. It aims to rival advanced fighters like the F-22 and F-35. This aircraft is designed for stealth and supermaneuverability. It is equipped with long-range air-to-air missiles, such as the R-37M, capable of hitting targets up to 400 kilometres away. Russia positions the Su-57E as a potential game-changer in the global defence market.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Novak Djokovic Clinches Historic 100th ATP Singles Title at Geneva Open: Star tennis player, Novak Djokovic made history as he clinched his 100th ATP singles title.The 38-year-old Serb bagged the 100th title of his stellar career after beating Poland’s Hubert Hurkacz to win the Geneva Open Men’s Singles.At 38 years old, Novak Djokovic became only the third male player in the Open Era to win 100 ATP singles titles, joining Jimmy Connors (109) and Roger Federer (103).

 

2. Manipur Tops Medal Tally at Inaugural Khelo India Beach Games 2025: Manipur topped the medal tally at the inaugural Khelo India Beach Games 2025 with a total of 14 medals, including 5 gold, 6 silver, and 3 bronze medals.The first edition of the Khelo India Beach Games was hosted by the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli & Daman and Diu, with the closing ceremony held at the INS Khukri Memorial in Diu.The event featured six competitive sports — Pencak Silat, Beach Soccer, Sepaktakraw, Beach Kabaddi, Beach Volleyball, and Open Water Swimming — along with two demonstration sports: Tug of War and Mallakhamb.A total of 811 athletes from 31 States and Union Territories participated, and the mascot for the event was Pearl, a dolphin commonly found at Nagoa beach.

 

3. Mahendra Gurjar Sets New World Record in F42 Javelin at Nottwil Para Athletics Grand Prix: Indian para-athlete Mahendra Gurjar set a new world record in the men’s F42 javelin category with a throw of 61.17 meters at the Nottwil World Para Athletics Grand Prix in Switzerland, breaking the previous record of 59.19 meters set in 2022.Gurjar also won gold in the long jump T42 event with a 5.59m leap, marking his debut in the event and becoming Asia’s top-ranked athlete in that category.Tejaswani Wins Gold in Women’s 25m Pistol: Indian shooter Tejaswani won the gold medal in the women’s 25m pistol event at the ISSF Junior World Cup 2025 held in Suhl, Germany.She scored a total of 31 points after firing five shots in the eight-women final, securing India’s top position in the event.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Jitendra Singh launches indigenous Bharat Forecast System with 6-km resolution: Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched the Bharat Forecast System, an indigenously developed high-resolution weather forecast model with 6-km resolution, at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.Developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, this system improves India’s weather forecast detail from 12 km to 6 km, enabling more accurate village-level forecasts.Using the advanced ‘Triangular Cubic Octahedral Grid model,’ the system enhances real-time weather predictions, showing a 30% better forecast of extreme rainfall and 64% improvement in core monsoon zones.

 

2. New Method to Detect Topological Invariants in Quantum Materials: Recent advancements in quantum materials research have revealed a novel method for identifying topological invariants. These invariants are properties of topological spaces that remain unchanged through continuous transformations. Topological materials are crucial for the development of technologies such as quantum computing and energy-efficient systems. However, their unique properties have historically been difficult to detect. Topological invariants are fundamental characteristics that define the shape of materials at the quantum level. They are not influenced by external appearances but are intrinsic to the material’s structure. A common analogy is the comparison between a donut and a coffee cup. Both have one hole and are thus topologically equivalent. In contrast, a wada and an idli are not equivalent due to differing hole counts.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. India beats Japan, now fourth-largest economy: NITI CEO Subrahmanyam: India, with a GDP of $4.187 trillion, has surpassed Japan’s $4.186 trillion to become the world’s fourth-largest economy, as stated by NITI Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam.The announcement came after the 10th NITI Aayog Governing Council meeting held in New Delhi, chaired by the Prime Minister.The IMF’s April 2025 ‘World Economic Outlook’ report predicted India would overtake Japan in 2025 and Germany by 2028 to become the third-largest economy globally.Despite India’s economic growth, a significant gap remains in per capita income, with Japan at $33,960 and India at $2,880; India’s economy is projected to grow around 6.2%-6.3% annually through 2026-27. Top 10 Largest Economies in the WorldAccording to the IMF, the top 10 largest economies in the world in 2025 are as follows. All the data are in US dollars, and GDP at market price.

 

2. Getepay Secures RBI Approval as Online Payment Aggregator: Getepay has become the first fintech company from Rajasthan to receive final authorisation from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to operate as an online payment aggregator, marking a major milestone for the firm and the fintech ecosystem.With this RBI approval, Getepay aims to expand its digital payment and commerce tools to millions of merchants, especially in Tier 2, Tier 3, and rural India, supporting over 1.5 million MSMEs and accelerating their formalisation.

 

Daily GK Update- 26th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. MHA Launches e-Zero FIR System to Fast-Track Action on High-Value Cyber Frauds: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has launched the e-Zero FIR system as a pilot project in Delhi to speed up action in cyber financial fraud cases involving ₹10 lakh or more.Complaints made via the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) or helpline 1930 will be automatically converted into Zero FIRs by the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C).The Zero FIR will be initially registered with Delhi’s e-Crime Police Station and later transferred to the appropriate jurisdictional police station.Victims are required to visit the designated cyber-crime police station within three days to get the Zero FIR converted into a regular FIR.The system aims to improve fund recovery chances by enabling faster FIR registration and removing delays caused by jurisdiction issues.

 

2. Earth Sciences Minister Jitendra Singh inaugurates “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan”: Union Earth Sciences Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan“, India’s first-of-their-kind facilities dedicated to ocean and polar research, respectively.Polar Bhavan, now the largest building at the NCPOR (National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research) campus, spans 11,378 square metres and was constructed at a cost of ₹55 crore. It includes laboratories for polar and ocean research, 55 rooms for scientific personnel, a conference room, seminar hall, library, and canteen.Sagar Bhavan, covering 1,772 square metres, was built at a cost of ₹13 crore. It includes two -30°C ice core laboratories and +4°C storage units for archiving sediment and biological samples. The building also features 29 rooms, including a metal-free Class 1000 clean room for trace metal and isotope studies.“Sagar Bhavan” will serve as the headquarters of the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), supporting advanced marine research and services.

 

3. Payments Regulatory Board: The PRB will comprise the RBI Governor as Chairperson, the Deputy Governor responsible for payment systems, and three members nominated by the central government. The board may also invite experts in relevant fields to participate in discussions as ad hoc invitees. This composition ensures a blend of regulatory oversight and industry expertise. The Department of Payment and Settlement Systems (DPSS) will assist the PRB. It will be responsible for implementing policies and ensuring compliance with regulations. This partnership aims to streamline operations and enhance the efficiency of the payments ecosystem. The PRB can delegate its powers to the Chairperson, board members, or sub-committees. This flexibility allows for efficient administration and quick responses to emerging challenges in the payment landscape. Regular meetings, at least twice a year, will facilitate ongoing oversight.

 

4. India’s Renewable Energy Growth and Challenges: Several factors contribute to the gap between installed capacity and actual generation. Rising electricity demand, particularly during extreme heat events, has driven up power consumption. In May 2024, electricity demand surged by 14% compared to the previous year. Limited storage capacity further exacerbates the issue, as night-time demand is largely met by fossil fuels. Additionally, variable weather patterns have led to lower-than-expected solar and wind generation. India’s total electricity generation reached 2,058 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2024, increase from 937 TWh in 2010. While coal generation grew, the share of renewables rose only slightly from 15% in 2010 to 20% in 2024. The report indicates that both coal and renewables have increased in absolute terms, but their shares in the overall energy mix have remained relatively stable.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. UAE elected to executive board of IAACA: The UAE Accountability Authority has been elected to the Executive Board of the International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) during the body’s first council meeting of 2025.In September 2024, it was elected to the Steering Committee of the GlobE Network, under the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, affirming international trust in the UAE’s cross-border cooperation in anti-corruption efforts.The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) comprises more than 180 countries and is an independent, non-political organisation dedicated to supporting the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It focuses on empowering anti-corruption bodies and facilitating cooperation among them.

 

2. UK Transfers Chagos Islands Sovereignty to Mauritius: The recent agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius marks shift in the governance of the Chaogs Islands. Following a High Court ruling, UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has formalised the transfer of sovereignty, ending decades of British control. This decision comes after a long history of legal disputes regarding the islands, which were detached from Mauritius in 1965. The move has sparked mixed reactions, with some celebrating the return of sovereignty and others expressing concerns over national security. The Chagos Islands, located in the Indian Ocean, have been under British control since 1814. They were separated from Mauritius just before the latter gained independence in 1968. The British Indian Ocean Territory was established, with Diego Garcia becoming a critical US military base. This base has played a key role in various military operations, raising issues of human rights and colonial legacy.

 

3. Lake Manzala: Lake Manzala is coastal lake in Egypt. It has been under scrutiny due to environmental changes driven by dredging. Recent studies reveal that dredging has altered the lake’s salinity and nutrient levels. This has had a deep effect on the local ecosystem, particularly zooplankton communities. Lake Manzala is located in northern Egypt, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. It plays important role in protecting coastal cities from flooding. The lake also supports biodiversity and contributes to Egypt’s fish production. In 2021, it accounted for 16% of the nation’s natural fish output. However, the lake has faced reductions in size and water quality over the years. From 2016 to 2022, dredging was implemented to enhance the lake’s capacity. This involved removing pollutant-rich sediments and aquatic vegetation. The capacity of Lake Manzala increased by 138% during this period. However, this process also raised concerns about long-term ecological stability.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Integrated Theatre Commands: Integrated Theatre Commands are designed to streamline military operations by combining resources from different branches of the armed forces. The theatre commanders will focus on operational execution. In contrast, Service Chiefs will manage the functions of ‘Raise, Train and Sustain’ (RTS). This dual approach aims to optimise resource utilisation and improve overall effectiveness. The theatre commanders are tasked with force application. They will oversee real-time military operations and strategic deployments. Meanwhile, Service Chiefs will ensure that forces are adequately raised, trained, and sustained. This separation of responsibilities allows for a clearer focus on both operational readiness and logistical support. A critical aspect of the ITC is the emphasis on jointness among the three services – Army, Navy, and Air Force. General Chauhan stresses that successful implementation will require a high degree of collaboration. This includes joint training exercises, shared logistics, and integrated communication systems. Enhanced jointness is expected to lead to more effective responses to threats.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Tropical Rainforest Loss Hits Record Levels in 2024: In 2024, the world witnessed unprecedented loss of tropical rainforests. Approximately 6.7 million hectares of primary rainforest vanished, primarily due to massive wildfires. This loss represents increase compared to previous years, with tropical forests disappearing at an alarming rate of 18 football fields per minute. The data, sourced from the University of Maryland and Global Forest Watch, marks the dire state of tropical ecosystems. The primary drivers of rainforest loss have shifted dramatically. In 2024, wildfires accounted for nearly half of the total loss. Previously, agriculture was the largest contributor to deforestation. The combination of prolonged drought and high temperatures exacerbated fire conditions, particularly in Brazil, which experienced the worst drought in seventy years.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. RBI pay Rs 2,68,590.07 crore to the Government as dividend for FY 25: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved a record ₹2,68,590.07 crore surplus transfer to the Central Government for the accounting year 2024-25, as decided in the 616th meeting of the Central Board of Directors chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra.The Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) has been increased from 6.50% to 7.50% under the revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF), considering the macroeconomic conditions and risk assessment.From 2018-19 to 2021-22, the CRB was maintained at 5.50% due to Covid-19-related economic uncertainty. It was raised to 6.00% in FY 2022-23 and 6.50% in FY 2023-24 before reaching 7.50% in FY 2024-The Board also reviewed the domestic and global economic outlook, discussed the RBI’s working for April 2024 – March 2025, and approved the Annual Report and Financial Statements for FY 2024-25.

 

2. India Imposes Import Restrictions on Bangladeshi Goods: India’s restrictions are a response to Bangladesh’s curbs on Indian imports. The Government of India scrapped a trans-shipment pact with Bangladesh, which allowed goods to move more freely. Trade experts suggest that this decision may increase costs for consumers and businesses alike. The restrictions affect over $770 million worth of imports from Bangladesh, with ready-made garments alone accounting for $660 million last year. The blocking of land routes adds pressure on exporters and consumers. Transporting goods via sea ports is more expensive and time-consuming. Higher transport costs may lead to increased prices for consumers. Businesses in border areas may experience immediate slowdowns. This situation poses challenges for India’s Northeast region, which relies heavily on border trade.

 

3. India’s Tariffs on Steel and Aluminium Imports: India has recently announced its intention to impose tariffs on $7.6 billion worth of imports from the United States. This decision comes as a direct response to the U.S. reinstating 25% tariffs on steel and aluminium. The Government of India aims to mirror the impact of these tariffs on its own exports. The new tariffs will take effect thirty days after notification, on May 9, 2025. Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump reinstated tariffs on steel and aluminium, eliminating previous exemptions. This protectionist policy aims to support domestic industries against unfair trade practices. Trump had first introduced these tariffs in March 2018. India’s response began in June 2019 when it faced the removal from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) by the U.S.

 

Daily GK Update- 25th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. MHA Launches e-Zero FIR System to Fast-Track Action on High-Value Cyber Frauds: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has launched the e-Zero FIR system as a pilot project in Delhi to speed up action in cyber financial fraud cases involving ₹10 lakh or more.Complaints made via the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) or helpline 1930 will be automatically converted into Zero FIRs by the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C).The Zero FIR will be initially registered with Delhi’s e-Crime Police Station and later transferred to the appropriate jurisdictional police station.Victims are required to visit the designated cyber-crime police station within three days to get the Zero FIR converted into a regular FIR.The system aims to improve fund recovery chances by enabling faster FIR registration and removing delays caused by jurisdiction issues.

 

2. Earth Sciences Minister Jitendra Singh inaugurates “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan”: Union Earth Sciences Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan“, India’s first-of-their-kind facilities dedicated to ocean and polar research, respectively.Polar Bhavan, now the largest building at the NCPOR (National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research) campus, spans 11,378 square metres and was constructed at a cost of ₹55 crore. It includes laboratories for polar and ocean research, 55 rooms for scientific personnel, a conference room, seminar hall, library, and canteen.Sagar Bhavan, covering 1,772 square metres, was built at a cost of ₹13 crore. It includes two -30°C ice core laboratories and +4°C storage units for archiving sediment and biological samples. The building also features 29 rooms, including a metal-free Class 1000 clean room for trace metal and isotope studies.“Sagar Bhavan” will serve as the headquarters of the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), supporting advanced marine research and services.

 

3. Payments Regulatory Board: The PRB will comprise the RBI Governor as Chairperson, the Deputy Governor responsible for payment systems, and three members nominated by the central government. The board may also invite experts in relevant fields to participate in discussions as ad hoc invitees. This composition ensures a blend of regulatory oversight and industry expertise. The Department of Payment and Settlement Systems (DPSS) will assist the PRB. It will be responsible for implementing policies and ensuring compliance with regulations. This partnership aims to streamline operations and enhance the efficiency of the payments ecosystem. The PRB can delegate its powers to the Chairperson, board members, or sub-committees. This flexibility allows for efficient administration and quick responses to emerging challenges in the payment landscape. Regular meetings, at least twice a year, will facilitate ongoing oversight.

 

4. India’s Renewable Energy Growth and Challenges: Several factors contribute to the gap between installed capacity and actual generation. Rising electricity demand, particularly during extreme heat events, has driven up power consumption. In May 2024, electricity demand surged by 14% compared to the previous year. Limited storage capacity further exacerbates the issue, as night-time demand is largely met by fossil fuels. Additionally, variable weather patterns have led to lower-than-expected solar and wind generation. India’s total electricity generation reached 2,058 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2024, increase from 937 TWh in 2010. While coal generation grew, the share of renewables rose only slightly from 15% in 2010 to 20% in 2024. The report indicates that both coal and renewables have increased in absolute terms, but their shares in the overall energy mix have remained relatively stable.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. UAE elected to executive board of IAACA: The UAE Accountability Authority has been elected to the Executive Board of the International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) during the body’s first council meeting of 2025.In September 2024, it was elected to the Steering Committee of the GlobE Network, under the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, affirming international trust in the UAE’s cross-border cooperation in anti-corruption efforts.The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) comprises more than 180 countries and is an independent, non-political organisation dedicated to supporting the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It focuses on empowering anti-corruption bodies and facilitating cooperation among them.

 

2. UK Transfers Chagos Islands Sovereignty to Mauritius: The recent agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius marks shift in the governance of the Chaogs Islands. Following a High Court ruling, UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has formalised the transfer of sovereignty, ending decades of British control. This decision comes after a long history of legal disputes regarding the islands, which were detached from Mauritius in 1965. The move has sparked mixed reactions, with some celebrating the return of sovereignty and others expressing concerns over national security. The Chagos Islands, located in the Indian Ocean, have been under British control since 1814. They were separated from Mauritius just before the latter gained independence in 1968. The British Indian Ocean Territory was established, with Diego Garcia becoming a critical US military base. This base has played a key role in various military operations, raising issues of human rights and colonial legacy.

 

3. Lake Manzala: Lake Manzala is coastal lake in Egypt. It has been under scrutiny due to environmental changes driven by dredging. Recent studies reveal that dredging has altered the lake’s salinity and nutrient levels. This has had a deep effect on the local ecosystem, particularly zooplankton communities. Lake Manzala is located in northern Egypt, bordered by the Mediterranean Sea. It plays important role in protecting coastal cities from flooding. The lake also supports biodiversity and contributes to Egypt’s fish production. In 2021, it accounted for 16% of the nation’s natural fish output. However, the lake has faced reductions in size and water quality over the years. From 2016 to 2022, dredging was implemented to enhance the lake’s capacity. This involved removing pollutant-rich sediments and aquatic vegetation. The capacity of Lake Manzala increased by 138% during this period. However, this process also raised concerns about long-term ecological stability.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Integrated Theatre Commands: Integrated Theatre Commands are designed to streamline military operations by combining resources from different branches of the armed forces. The theatre commanders will focus on operational execution. In contrast, Service Chiefs will manage the functions of ‘Raise, Train and Sustain’ (RTS). This dual approach aims to optimise resource utilisation and improve overall effectiveness. The theatre commanders are tasked with force application. They will oversee real-time military operations and strategic deployments. Meanwhile, Service Chiefs will ensure that forces are adequately raised, trained, and sustained. This separation of responsibilities allows for a clearer focus on both operational readiness and logistical support. A critical aspect of the ITC is the emphasis on jointness among the three services – Army, Navy, and Air Force. General Chauhan stresses that successful implementation will require a high degree of collaboration. This includes joint training exercises, shared logistics, and integrated communication systems. Enhanced jointness is expected to lead to more effective responses to threats.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Tropical Rainforest Loss Hits Record Levels in 2024: In 2024, the world witnessed unprecedented loss of tropical rainforests. Approximately 6.7 million hectares of primary rainforest vanished, primarily due to massive wildfires. This loss represents increase compared to previous years, with tropical forests disappearing at an alarming rate of 18 football fields per minute. The data, sourced from the University of Maryland and Global Forest Watch, marks the dire state of tropical ecosystems. The primary drivers of rainforest loss have shifted dramatically. In 2024, wildfires accounted for nearly half of the total loss. Previously, agriculture was the largest contributor to deforestation. The combination of prolonged drought and high temperatures exacerbated fire conditions, particularly in Brazil, which experienced the worst drought in seventy years.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. RBI pay Rs 2,68,590.07 crore to the Government as dividend for FY 25: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved a record ₹2,68,590.07 crore surplus transfer to the Central Government for the accounting year 2024-25, as decided in the 616th meeting of the Central Board of Directors chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra.The Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) has been increased from 6.50% to 7.50% under the revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF), considering the macroeconomic conditions and risk assessment.From 2018-19 to 2021-22, the CRB was maintained at 5.50% due to Covid-19-related economic uncertainty. It was raised to 6.00% in FY 2022-23 and 6.50% in FY 2023-24 before reaching 7.50% in FY 2024-The Board also reviewed the domestic and global economic outlook, discussed the RBI’s working for April 2024 – March 2025, and approved the Annual Report and Financial Statements for FY 2024-25.

 

2. India Imposes Import Restrictions on Bangladeshi Goods: India’s restrictions are a response to Bangladesh’s curbs on Indian imports. The Government of India scrapped a trans-shipment pact with Bangladesh, which allowed goods to move more freely. Trade experts suggest that this decision may increase costs for consumers and businesses alike. The restrictions affect over $770 million worth of imports from Bangladesh, with ready-made garments alone accounting for $660 million last year. The blocking of land routes adds pressure on exporters and consumers. Transporting goods via sea ports is more expensive and time-consuming. Higher transport costs may lead to increased prices for consumers. Businesses in border areas may experience immediate slowdowns. This situation poses challenges for India’s Northeast region, which relies heavily on border trade.

 

3. India’s Tariffs on Steel and Aluminium Imports: India has recently announced its intention to impose tariffs on $7.6 billion worth of imports from the United States. This decision comes as a direct response to the U.S. reinstating 25% tariffs on steel and aluminium. The Government of India aims to mirror the impact of these tariffs on its own exports. The new tariffs will take effect thirty days after notification, on May 9, 2025. Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump reinstated tariffs on steel and aluminium, eliminating previous exemptions. This protectionist policy aims to support domestic industries against unfair trade practices. Trump had first introduced these tariffs in March 2018. India’s response began in June 2019 when it faced the removal from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) by the U.S.

 

Daily GK Update- 24th May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Ambani couple, Premji, Kamath among Time’s most influential philanthropists: Billionaire industrialist Mukesh Ambani and Nita Ambani, former Wipro chairman Azim Premji and Zerodha co-founder Nikhil Kamath have been named by Time magazine in its inaugural list of the 100 most influential people in philanthropy.The list includes Mukesh and Nita Ambani who, Time said, gifted Rs 407 crore (about USD 48 million) in 2024, placing them among the country’s biggest donors.Premji was the first Indian to sign the Giving Pledge and in 2013 endowed the foundation he launched nearly 25 years ago with over USD 29 billion in shares from his company, Wipro.The list also includes co-founder of Zerodha Nikhil Kamath, who in 2023 at age 36 became the youngest Indian to sign the Giving Pledge. The list also includes legendary footballer David Beckham, billionaire philanthropist Warren Buffet, American philanthropist Melinda French Gates and Prince William and Catherine, Princess of Wales.

 

2. PM Modi inaugurates the Rising Northeast Investor Summit in New Delhi: Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the two-day Rising Northeast Investors Summit 2025 in New Delhi.The summit aims to showcase the eight northeastern states’ trade and investment potential and encourage international and domestic investment in these states.The Rising Northeast Investors Summit 2025 has been organised by the Union Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region.

 

3. PM Modi inaugurates 103 redeveloped Amrit Stations in 18 States in Bikaner: Prime Minister Narendra Modi virtually inaugurated the 103 railway stations in 18 states/Union Territories, developed under the Indian Railways’s Amrit Bharat Station Scheme, at a function in Bikaner, Rajasthan.Prime Minister Modi inaugurated, laid the foundation stone, and dedicated multiple development projects worth Rs 26,000 crore to the nation during his visit to Bikaner.The Indian Railway’s 103 railway stations, inaugurated by the Prime Minister, are in 86 districts across 18 states and Union Territories.

 

4. Manipur Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla inaugurated the Shirui Lily Festival: Manipur Governor Ajay Kumar Bhalla inaugurated the Shirui Lily Festival, held in the Naga-dominated Ukhrul district after a two-year gap due to the ethnic clashes between the Kuki-Zo and Meitei people.State Flower of Manipur Shirui Lily, scientifically known as Lilium Mackliniae, is a rare and enchanting pinkish-white flower endemic to the Shirui Hill range in Ukhrul district, approximately 83 kilometers from Imphal.Named after Jean Macklin, the wife of botanist Dr. Frank Kingdon Ward, who first spotted the flower in 1946.

 

5. Oil Spill Near Kerala: On May 25, 2025, a Liberian-flagged cargo ship named MSC ELSA 3 capsized off the coast of Kerala. The vessel was carrying 640 containers, including hazardous materials. Fortunately, all crew members were rescued by the Indian Coast Guard and a Navy ship. However, the incident has sparked fears of a potential oil spill, prompting immediate response measures. An oil spill occurs when petroleum products leak into oceans or rivers. This can happen due to natural disasters, human error, or equipment failure. Oil spills can severely impact marine ecosystems. Oil forms a layer on water, blocking sunlight and disrupting photosynthesis. This affects marine plants and phytoplankton, which are essential for oxygen production.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. UK signs deal to hand over Chagos Islands to Mauritius, India welcomes the treaty: The United Kingdom signed an agreement to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Islands to Mauritius, while securing a lease agreement to maintain a crucial US-UK military base on Diego Garcia for at least 99 years, paying Mauritius $136 million annually for the lease.The Chagos Islands, officially known as the British Indian Ocean Territory, are located in the Indian Ocean about 9,332 km south-east of the UK. The Chagos Archipelago – a group of seven atolls with a population of just over four thousand, was separated from Mauritius in 1965, when Mauritius was still a British colony.Britain purchased the islands for three million pound but Mauritius has argued that it was illegally forced to give them away as part of a deal to gain independence from Britain.In the late 1960s, Britain invited the US to build a military base on Diego Garcia, the largest of the Chagos Islands, removing thousands of people from their homes.

 

2. UAE elected to executive board of IAACA: The UAE Accountability Authority has been elected to the Executive Board of the International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) during the body’s first council meeting of 2025.In September 2024, it was elected to the Steering Committee of the GlobE Network, under the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, affirming international trust in the UAE’s cross-border cooperation in anti-corruption efforts.The International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities (IAACA) comprises more than 180 countries and is an independent, non-political organisation dedicated to supporting the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It focuses on empowering anti-corruption bodies and facilitating cooperation among them.

 

3. 23 May – World Turtle Day: World Turtle Day is observed every year on May 23 to raise awareness about the protection and conservation of turtles and tortoises and their disappearing habitats around the world.It was founded in 2000 by American Tortoise Rescue (ATR) to promote humane treatment and encourage laws to protect turtle species.

 

4. 23 May – International Day to End Obstetric Fistula: The International Day to End Obstetric Fistula is observed every year on 23 May to raise awareness about obstetric fistula, a serious and preventable childbirth injury, and to promote actions towards its elimination.Theme 2025 – Her health, her right: Shaping a future without fistula

 

5. India Shuts Land Ports With Bangladesh: The order came into effect on May 17, 2025. It prohibits the import of readymade garments from Bangladesh through land ports. However, imports are still permitted via sea ports in Kolkata and Nhava Sheva. The ban extends to various products including fruit, processed foods, cotton, and plastic goods. Indian officials justified the order as a means to ensure reciprocity in trade. The trade restriction was largely prompted by Bangladesh’s previous actions. On April 13, 2025, Bangladesh imposed a ban on the import of cotton yarn from India. Additionally, the suspension of Indian rice exports through the Hili land port further strained relations. Indian officials cited aggressive inspections of Indian trucks by Bangladeshi authorities as a contributing factor.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Maoist Insurgency: The Maoist insurgency in India has persisted for decades, affecting vast regions. Union Home Minister Amit Shah has set a deadline of March 2026 to end this conflict. The insurgency primarily involves the Communist Party of India (Maoist), also known as CPI (Maoist). This group seeks to overthrow the current state through a protracted people’s war. The Maoist movement traces back to 1967, originating from the Naxalbari peasant rebellion in West Bengal. This rebellion marked the beginning of insurgency, which has evolved over the years. The term “Naxal” derives from this event. The movement gained momentum in the mid-2000s, impacting around 180 districts across several state of Indias. CPI (Maoist) aims to achieve a New Democratic Revolution in India. Their ultimate goal is to establish communism. The party’s philosophy is rooted in Mao Zedong’s principles, which emphasise the role of the peasantry in revolution. Mao believed that political power is derived from armed struggle, advocating for guerrilla warfare as a means to surround urban centres from rural areas.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. MHA Launches e-Zero FIR System to Fast-Track Action on High-Value Cyber Frauds: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) has launched the e-Zero FIR system as a pilot project in Delhi to speed up action in cyber financial fraud cases involving ₹10 lakh or more.Complaints made via the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) or helpline 1930 will be automatically converted into Zero FIRs by the Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre (I4C).The Zero FIR will be initially registered with Delhi’s e-Crime Police Station and later transferred to the appropriate jurisdictional police station.Victims are required to visit the designated cyber-crime police station within three days to get the Zero FIR converted into a regular FIR.The system aims to improve fund recovery chances by enabling faster FIR registration and removing delays caused by jurisdiction issues. What is the e-Zero FIR system?

 

2. Earth Sciences Minister Jitendra Singh inaugurates “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan”: Union Earth Sciences Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan“, India’s first-of-their-kind facilities dedicated to ocean and polar research, respectively.Polar Bhavan, now the largest building at the NCPOR (National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research) campus, spans 11,378 square metres and was constructed at a cost of ₹55 crore. It includes laboratories for polar and ocean research, 55 rooms for scientific personnel, a conference room, seminar hall, library, and canteen.Sagar Bhavan, covering 1,772 square metres, was built at a cost of ₹13 crore. It includes two -30°C ice core laboratories and +4°C storage units for archiving sediment and biological samples. The building also features 29 rooms, including a metal-free Class 1000 clean room for trace metal and isotope studies.“Sagar Bhavan” will serve as the headquarters of the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS), supporting advanced marine research and services.

 

3. New Covid-19 Variant NB.1.8.1: NB.1.8.1 originated from the recombinant ancestor XDV.1.5.1. Its earliest samples date back to January 22, 2025. The variant has been noted for its six spike protein mutations compared to the LP8.1 variant, and eight mutations compared to JN.1. Preliminary data suggest that NB.1.8.1 may have a higher transmissibility rate due to its enhanced binding affinity to human receptors. The mutations in NB.1.8.1 include A435S, V445H, and T478I. These alterations indicate a potential for increased transmissibility and some immune evasion. Reports from China suggest that NB.1.8.1 is spreading rapidly, particularly in regions like Singapore, where weekly cases surged from 11,100 to over 14,000 in early May 2025. Symptoms of NB.1.8.1 largely mirror those of previous Omicron variants. Common symptoms include sore throat, fatigue, mild cough, fever, nasal congestion, headache, nausea, and gastrointestinal issues. Notably, the loss of taste or smell is less frequently reported with this variant.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Fitch Ratings Raises India’s Medium-Term GDP Growth Forecast to 6.4% Till FY2026: Fitch Ratings has revised India’s medium-term GDP growth potential upward to 6.4% till FY2026, up from the previous estimate of 6.2%, citing higher labour force participation and less pandemic impact as key factors.While India’s growth outlook improved, Fitch slightly lowered the medium-term GDP potential for 10 emerging markets overall to 3.9%, mainly due to a slowdown in China’s growth prospects.

 

2. RBI pay Rs 2,68,590.07 crore to the Government as dividend for FY 25: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) approved a record ₹2,68,590.07 crore surplus transfer to the Central Government for the accounting year 2024-25, as decided in the 616th meeting of the Central Board of Directors chaired by Governor Sanjay Malhotra.The Contingent Risk Buffer (CRB) has been increased from 6.50% to 7.50% under the revised Economic Capital Framework (ECF), considering the macroeconomic conditions and risk assessment.From 2018-19 to 2021-22, the CRB was maintained at 5.50% due to Covid-19-related economic uncertainty. It was raised to 6.00% in FY 2022-23 and 6.50% in FY 2023-24 before reaching 7.50% in FY 2024-The Board also reviewed the domestic and global economic outlook, discussed the RBI’s working for April 2024 – March 2025, and approved the Annual Report and Financial Statements for FY 2024-25.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. President Murmu Confers Gallantry Awards at Defence Investiture Ceremony 2025; 6 Kirti Chakras and 33 Shaurya Chakras Awarded for Exceptional Bravery: President Droupadi Murmu conferred 6 Kirti Chakras (including 4 posthumous) and 33 Shaurya Chakras (including 7 posthumous) to personnel from the Armed Forces, Central Armed Police Forces, and State/UT Police during the Phase-I of Defence Investiture Ceremony 2025 held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.The gallantry awards were given for exceptional courage in counter-terror and counter-insurgency operations in Jammu & Kashmir and the North-East, where several terrorists were neutralized, apprehended, and large amounts of arms and ammunition were recovered.Awardees from the Indian Navy and Indian Air Force displayed bravery in high-risk situations — Navy officers during anti-piracy and fire-fighting missions, and Air Force officers during critical aircraft rescue operations where they avoided civilian casualties.

 

Daily GK Update- 23rd May, 2025

 NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India hosts second Blue Talks ahead of UN Ocean Conference 2025: The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) in collaboration with the Embassies of France and Costa Rica, organized the “second Blue Talks” in New Delhi. This high-level event marked a significant step in the lead-up to the Third United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3), which is scheduled to be held in Nice, France, from June 9 to 13.The event provided a platform to accelerate action and forge concrete commitments towards the sustainable use and protection of ocean resources, aligning closely with Sustainable Development Goal 14 and the broader objectives of the UN Ocean Decade.The event was chaired by Dr. M. Ravichandran, Secretary of the Ministry of Earth Sciences, and co-chaired by Néstor Baltodano Vargas, Ambassador of Costa Rica to India, and Damien Syed, Deputy Head of Mission at the French Embassy.

 

2. India Assumes Chairmanship of Asian Productivity Organization at 67th Governing Body Meeting in Jakarta: India has assumed the Chairmanship of the Asian Productivity Organization (APO) for the 2025–26 term during the 67th Governing Body Meeting, with representation led by Amardeep Singh Bhatia, APO Director for India and Secretary, DPIIT.As Chair, India will support APO Vision 2030 and promote the Green Productivity 2.0 framework, while focusing on digital transformation, innovation, sustainability, and entrepreneurship across the Asia-Pacific region.APO, headquartered in Tokyo, is an intergovernmental organization with 21 member economies, including India, a founding member actively contributing to productivity enhancement and regional cooperation since the organization’s inception.

 

3. WHO Certifies India as free from Trachoma as a Public Health Problem: India has been awarded the Certificate of Elimination of Trachoma as a Public Health Problem by the World Health Organisation (WHO) at the 78th World Health Assembly in Geneva.This recognition is a testament to India’s sustained efforts in disease elimination, preventive healthcare, and commitment to ensuring health for all.India also became the third country in the Southeast Asia region to reach this public health milestone. The government has taken various steps under the National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) to eliminate Trachoma.

 

4. India’s Renewable Energy Growth and Challenges: However, actual electricity generation from these sources remains lower than expected. A recent analysis by Climate Action Tracker marks the challenges faced by India in achieving its renewable energy goals amid rising electricity demand and extreme weather conditions. As of 2023, India has installed approximately 175 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy capacity. This includes 73 GW of solar, 45 GW of wind, 47 GW of hydro, and 10 GW of bioenergy. Despite this impressive capacity, renewables accounted for only about 18% of the total electricity generated. In contrast, coal continues to dominate the energy mix, contributing 75% of the total generation by 2024. Several factors contribute to the gap between installed capacity and actual generation. Rising electricity demand, particularly during extreme heat events, has driven up power consumption. In May 2024, electricity demand surged by 14% compared to the previous year. Limited storage capacity further exacerbates the issue, as night-time demand is largely met by fossil fuels. Additionally, variable weather patterns have led to lower-than-expected solar and wind generation.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. HCLTech Appoints Kiran Cherukuri as Global GCC Practice Leader: HCL Technologies has appointed Kiran Cherukuri as the Global GCC Practice Leader, entrusting him with the responsibility of expanding the company’s Global Capability Center (GCC) practice.In this role, Kiran will focus on leveraging HCLTech’s services, technology portfolio, and corporate functions to strengthen its partnership with over 200 GCCs in India.

 

2. 22 May – Internation Day for Biological Diversity: The International Day for Biological Diversity is observed every year on 22 May to increase understanding and awareness of biodiversity issues.The date commemorates the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992.Theme 2025 – Harmony with nature and sustainable development

 

3. Siang Upper Multipurpose Project: The Siang Upper Multipurpose Project (SUMP) has become a focal point of conflict in Arunachal Pradesh. The project aims to construct an 11.2 GW dam on the Siang River, which is part of the Brahmaputra basin. This initiative has sparked opposition from local communities and student organisations. Residents of over 27 villages along the river express concerns about the potential irreversible impact on their homes and lands. The Arunachal government and central authorities argue that the dam is essential for national security, especially in light of China’s construction of the Medog Dam upstream. The Siang Upper Multipurpose Project is designed to generate substantial hydroelectric power. The proposed capacity is 11.2 GW, positioning it as contributor to India’s energy needs. The project is also expected to aid in flood control and irrigation. However, the environmental and social implications have raised alarms among local populations.

 

4. Niallia tiangongensis: The new bacterium was isolated from surface samples on the Tiangong Space Station. This is the first instance of a new microbial species being identified in this Chinese space station. The discovery marks the potential for life to exist and adapt in extreme environments beyond Earth. Niallia tiangongensis is an aerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium. It closely resembles Niallia circulans, a species found on Earth. However, genetic variations indicate adaptations that allow survival in space. The bacterium’s ability to decompose gelatine is particularly noteworthy, as it suggests potential for life in nutrient-poor conditions.

 

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Integrated Theatre Commands: Recently, the Indian armed forces are undergoing transformation with the introduction of Integrated Theatre Commands (ITC). This restructuring aims to enhance operational efficiency and inter-service collaboration. CDS, General Anil Chauhan, has outlined the roles of theatre commanders and Service Chiefs in this new framework. The initiative is part of a broader strategy to modernise India’s military capabilities. Integrated Theatre Commands are designed to streamline military operations by combining resources from different branches of the armed forces. The theatre commanders will focus on operational execution. In contrast, Service Chiefs will manage the functions of ‘Raise, Train and Sustain’ (RTS). This dual approach aims to optimise resource utilisation and improve overall effectiveness.

 

SPORTS 

 

1. Shooter Kanak wins India’s first gold medal at Junior World Cup in Germany: Shooter Kanak has bagged India’s first gold medal at the ongoing International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) Junior World Cup in Suhl, Germany.Kanak, the silver medalist at the junior world championship in Lima last year, scored 239 in the Women’s 10 metre Air Pistol final to claim the yellow metal. She outperformed Anna Dulce of Moldova, a two-time Olympian and reigning European Champion, by 1.7 points. Chen Yen-Ching of Chinese Taipei won the bronze medal.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan: India is enhancing its role in ocean geopolitics through advancements in polar and ocean research. The inauguration of “Sagar Bhavan” and “Polar Bhavan” at the National Centre of Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR) in Goa marks a very important moment. These facilities are designed to improve India’s capabilities in studying climate change and weather patterns. The government aims to integrate ocean science with national development, aligning with global climate initiatives. The NCPOR has introduced two major facilities. Polar Bhavan spans over 11,378 square metres, housing advanced laboratories and a conference hall. It serves as a hub for polar research. Sagar Bhavan, covering 1,772 square metres, includes specialised ice core laboratories. These structures are essential for storing and analysing climate data.

 

2. Tropical Rainforest Loss Hits Record Levels in 2024: In 2024, the world witnessed unprecedented loss of tropical rainforests. Approximately 6.7 million hectares of primary rainforest vanished, primarily due to massive wildfires. This loss represents increase compared to previous years, with tropical forests disappearing at an alarming rate of 18 football fields per minute. The data, sourced from the University of Maryland and Global Forest Watch, marks the dire state of tropical ecosystems. The primary drivers of rainforest loss have shifted dramatically. In 2024, wildfires accounted for nearly half of the total loss. Previously, agriculture was the largest contributor to deforestation. The combination of prolonged drought and high temperatures exacerbated fire conditions, particularly in Brazil, which experienced the worst drought in seventy years.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. India Imposes Import Restrictions on Bangladeshi Goods: This decision limits the entry points to just two sea ports – Kolkata and Nhava Sheva. It effectively blocks 11 traditional land routes in the Northeast, marking a major shift in trade dynamics between the two countries. The move follows Bangladesh’s increasing restrictions on Indian goods and signals a recalibration of bilateral trade relations. India’s restrictions are a response to Bangladesh’s curbs on Indian imports. The Government of India scrapped a trans-shipment pact with Bangladesh, which allowed goods to move more freely. Trade experts suggest that this decision may increase costs for consumers and businesses alike. The restrictions affect over $770 million worth of imports from Bangladesh, with ready-made garments alone accounting for $660 million last year.

 

2. Judicial Accountability and the Veeraswami Ruling: In recent developments, Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar has raised concerns regarding the accountability of judges in India. Following the Supreme Court’s in-house inquiry into Justice Yashwant Varma, Dhankhar questioned the constitutional validity of the inquiry. He suggested that an FIR should be filed against the judge, denoting the need for a reevaluation of the Supreme Court’s 1991 K Veeraswami ruling. This ruling established guidelines for prosecuting judges, creating a complex relationship between judicial independence and accountability. Judicial independence is a mainstay of democracy. Judges must operate free from external pressures. However, this independence can lead to challenges in holding judges accountable for misconduct. The Constitution of India provides a high threshold for initiating actions against judges, primarily through impeachment. This process is largely political and has rarely been successful in practice.