Daily GK Update- 23rd Dec, 2025

 

NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Meghalaya Mandates Khasi and Garo in Early Education to Strengthen Cultural Roots: Meghalaya has made Khasi and Garo mandatory in the curriculum up to Class-1 to simplify learning and strengthen cultural identity from the foundational years.New textbooks will be optional in the coming academic year and will become compulsory from the next session, considering schools have already finalised syllabi.Approval was given for a ₹25-crore Mission Mode HIV/AIDS project, mandatory green building certification for large constructions, new cooperative financing society, and arrangements for hosting the 39th National Games.

 

2. Jammu & Kashmir Inaugurates First Gen Z Post Office at AIIMS Vijaypur: Jammu and Kashmir inaugurated its first Gen Z Post Office at the AIIMS Vijaypur campus, marking a major step in modernising postal services.Launched under the Department of Posts’ modernisation initiative, the facility offers a contemporary ambience, digital payments, and simplified service delivery tailored for Generation Z.The post office provides postal, banking, and insurance services together, enhancing convenience for students and staff on campus.

 

3. President Assents to Viksit Bharat (Gramin) Act: The President has given assent to the Viksit Bharat—Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025, replacing MGNREGA, 2005 and aligning rural employment policy with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047.The Act increases the statutory wage employment guarantee to at least 125 days per rural household per financial year, strengthening livelihood security, income stability, and the right to demand employment.States may notify up to 60 days of aggregated pause during peak agricultural seasons while retaining the full 125-day guarantee; weekly or within 15 days wage payments are mandated, with compensation for delays.Wage employment is integrated with the creation of durable rural assets across priority areas like water security, core rural infrastructure, livelihoods, and climate resilience, using bottom-up planning via Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans and national convergence platforms.

 

4. PM Modi Lays Foundation for ₹10,601-Crore Fertiliser Plant in Assam: PM Narendra Modi inaugurated the ₹10,601-crore brownfield ammonia-urea plant in Dibrugarh, Assam, set to be commissioned by 2030.The new Assam Valley Fertiliser and Chemical Company Ltd (AVFCCL) plant will have an annual urea production of 12.7 lakh metric tonnes, enhancing the region’s fertiliser output.AVFCCL is a joint venture among the Assam Government, Oil India, National Fertilisers Ltd (NFL), Hindustan Urvarak & Rasayan Ltd (HURL), and BVFCL, combining public and state expertise.The plant will be the first in India to use associated natural gas as a primary raw material for producing nitrogenous fertiliser, leveraging sustainable and efficient resources.

 

5. IIFL Finance Appoints Former RBI Deputy Governor B P Kanungo as Non-Executive Chairman: India Infoline Finance Limited (IIFL) has appointed P. Kanungo, a former Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, as non-executive chairman of its board, bringing extensive regulatory and central banking expertise.Kanungo has over four decades of experience in monetary policy, financial regulation, and central banking, having served as Deputy Governor of the RBI (2017–2021) and as a member of the Monetary Policy Committee.As chairman, he will lead the board in strategic direction, enhance governance standards, and ensure the protection of interests of shareholders, customers, regulators, and other stakeholders.

 

6. 23 December -Kisan Diwas: 23rd December is observed as Kisan Diwas (Farmer’s Day) in India to honour the contributions of farmers to the nation.The day marks the birth anniversary of Chaudhary Charan Singh, the 5th Prime Minister of India, known for his work towards farmers’ welfare.Kisan Diwas highlights the vital role of farmers in food security, rural economy, and sustainable agriculture in India.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. PM Modi Releases Commemorative Ashwagandha Postal Stamp at WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine: At the 2nd WHO Global Summit on Traditional Medicine in New Delhi, Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a commemorative postal stamp on Ashwagandha, symbolising India’s commitment to promoting traditional medicine globally.The stamp highlights the scientific and cultural value of Ashwagandha, a key medicinal herb in Ayurveda known for stress reduction, immunity enhancement, and overall well-being, and reinforces India’s efforts to promote AYUSH systems internationally.The release serves as a symbolic and educational initiative, acting as a cultural ambassador to spread awareness of India’s traditional medicinal heritage and its vision of integrating traditional medicine with modern healthcare systems.

 

2. CERT-In Warns of GhostPairing Threat Targeting WhatsApp Users : The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team has issued a high-severity advisory warning of an active cyber threat campaign targeting WhatsApp users across India. The attack, known as GhostPairing, enables cybercriminals to hijack WhatsApp accounts without passwords or SIM swaps, raising fresh concerns over messaging platform security amid rising digital fraud. According to Indian Computer Emergency Response Team, GhostPairing exploits WhatsApp’s multi-device feature. The attack tricks users into entering a legitimate-looking pairing code, unknowingly granting an attacker’s browser access as a hidden, trusted device. Once linked, the attacker gains full control of the victim’s WhatsApp Web session without triggering alerts on the primary phone. The campaign typically begins with a message appearing to come from a trusted contact, often saying “Hi, check this photo.” The message contains a link with a Facebook-style preview that redirects users to a fake viewer page. Victims are then prompted to “verify” by entering their phone number and a code. CERT-In noted that this seemingly harmless process results in complete account takeover, without any SIM compromise.

 

3. Australia Invites Israeli President After Bondi Beach Shooting: Australia has announced plans to invite Israel’s president for an official visit following a deadly antisemitic attack in Sydney that targeted the Jewish community. The move comes amid national mourning and renewed political focus on combating rising antisemitism and ensuring community safety across the country. Anthony Albanese said his government would formally invite Isaac Herzog to Australia as soon as possible, following established diplomatic protocol. In a public statement, Albanese said he felt a deep sense of responsibility in the wake of the attack and reaffirmed the government’s commitment to protecting Australia’s multicultural fabric. The invitation will be issued by the Governor-General on the advice of the Australian government. The announcement followed a mass shooting at Bondi Beach in Sydney, where gunmen killed 15 people during a Hanukkah event on December 14. Australian authorities have described the incident as an antisemitic terrorist attack. The assault has shaken the nation and prompted urgent discussions on hate crimes, domestic security, and gun control measures.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Centre to set up statutory Bureau of Port Security to strengthen maritime security framework: Union Home Minister Amit Shah convened a high-level meeting to initiate the creation of a dedicated Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) aimed at strengthening the security of ships and port infrastructure across India.The Bureau of Port Security will be set up as a statutory body under Section 13 of the Merchant Shipping Act, 2025, functioning under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, with responsibilities for regulatory oversight and coordination of port security.The proposed security framework will follow a graded and risk-based approach, factoring in vulnerabilities, trade potential, geographical location, and emerging threats, including cyber security, with a dedicated division to protect port IT systems.CISF has been designated as a Recognised Security Organisation for ports, responsible for security assessments, preparation of security plans, and training and certification of private security agencies, while the BoPS will be headed by a Director General of IPS rank, modeled on BCAS.

 

2. India–Russia Conduct Joint Air Exercise AviaIndra to Strengthen Defence and Aerospace Cooperation: The Indian Air Force is hosting Exercise AviaIndra with the Russian Federation Aerospace Force (RFASF), continuing the bilateral air exercise series that began in 2014.Personnel from both countries are conducting joint flying operations on platforms such as Su-30 MKI, Tejas, IL-78 aircraft and Mi-17 helicopters, focusing on operational coordination.The exercise aims to enhance bilateral defence cooperation, promote mutual understanding, and strengthen aerospace synergy by sharing best practices and lessons learned

 

3. Indian Coast Guard Commissions ICGS Amulya: The Indian Coast Guard commissioned ICGS Amulya, the third vessel of the new-generation Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessels, at Goa, with the ceremony attended by senior officials from the Ministry of Defence and Goa Shipyard Limited.Built by Goa Shipyard Limited, the 51-metre vessel has over 60% indigenous content, reflecting India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat and Make in India initiatives; Amulya means “priceless”.Powered by two 3000 kW diesel engines, ICGS Amulya can achieve a top speed of 27 knots with an operational endurance of 1,500 nautical miles, and is equipped with advanced integrated navigation, machinery, and power management systems.Based at Paradip, Odisha, the vessel will strengthen maritime security along the eastern seaboard by undertaking missions such as surveillance, search and rescue, anti-smuggling, interdiction, and pollution response.

 

4. INSV Kaundinya to Begin Maiden Overseas Voyage: INSV Kaundinya, the Indian Navy’s unique stitched sailing vessel that revives India’s ancient shipbuilding and maritime traditions, will undertake her maiden overseas voyage on December 29, 2025. The historic journey marks a symbolic return to India’s long-standing seafaring legacy and its deep civilisational links across the Indian Ocean. The vessel will be flagged off from Porbandar in Gujarat and will sail to Muscat in Oman, retracing historic maritime routes that once connected the Indian subcontinent with West Asia and beyond. The voyage reflects India’s enduring maritime engagement with the Indian Ocean region, which facilitated trade, cultural exchange and diplomatic ties for centuries. INSV Kaundinya has been constructed entirely using the traditional stitched-plank technique, a method once widely practised along India’s coastline. Unlike modern ships, the wooden planks of the vessel are stitched together using coconut coir rope and sealed with natural resins. This technology, devoid of metal fastenings, enabled ancient Indian mariners to undertake long-distance oceanic voyages to Africa, Southeast Asia and West Asia well before the advent of modern navigation tools.

 

SPORTS

 

1. NASA Loses Contact with MAVEN Mars Orbiter: NASA has lost contact with its Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft, a long-serving Mars orbiter that has been studying how the Red Planet’s atmosphere is escaping into space. The spacecraft went silent in early December, and engineers are continuing efforts to re-establish communication and assess its status. Launched by NASA in November 2013, MAVEN entered Mars orbit in September 2014 and was designed to study the planet’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Its instruments measure gases, ions, solar wind and magnetic interactions, helping scientists understand how Mars transitioned from a warmer, wetter planet to the cold and arid world seen today. Though planned as a two-year mission, MAVEN has operated for more than a decade on extended duty. Beyond science, MAVEN plays a crucial operational role by relaying data between Earth and surface missions such as Curiosity and Perseverance. With MAVEN currently silent, NASA has shifted relay duties to other orbiters, including the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Odyssey, while also coordinating with European Mars orbiters to ensure continuity.

 

2. MYAS Launches Comprehensive Internship Policy for Sports Ecosystem: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports has launched a Comprehensive Internship Policy to create a structured, large-scale platform for nurturing young talent and strengthening India’s sports ecosystem. The initiative aims to provide meaningful exposure to sports governance, administration and allied professional domains, while building a future-ready talent pipeline aligned with India’s long-term sporting ambitions. Under the new policy, 452 internships will be offered annually across the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and its autonomous bodies. These include the Sports Authority of India, the National Anti-Doping Agency and the National Dope Testing Laboratory. The programme targets college and university students, offering first-hand experience in sports administration, governance, sports science, anti-doping, event management and athlete support services. Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Mansukh Mandaviya said the initiative would empower young minds to contribute meaningfully to India’s sporting journey. He emphasised that the transformation of the sports ecosystem requires skilled professionals and institutional support, and the internship programme opens avenues for youth to gain hands-on experience and participate in nation-building through sports.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. Subansiri Lower Project Unit-2 Commissioned, Boosting Clean Power: Union Minister of Power, Housing and Urban Affairs Manohar Lal on Monday inaugurated the commercial operation of Unit–2 (250 MW) of the 2,000 MW Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project through virtual mode. The commissioning marks a major milestone in India’s largest hydropower project and reinforces the country’s commitment to clean, sustainable energy, particularly for the North-East region. Speaking at the event, Manohar Lal described the commissioning as more than a technical achievement, calling it a result of years of dedication and teamwork. He said the Subansiri project symbolises India’s resolve to expand renewable energy, strengthen the national grid and advance long-term Net Zero goals, while accelerating development in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and the wider North-East. With Unit-2 now operational, the project is moving towards commissioning three more units of 250 MW each in the near term. The remaining four units are scheduled for phased commissioning during 2026–27. Once fully commissioned, the Subansiri Lower Project will generate 7,422 million units of renewable electricity annually, significantly enhancing India’s green energy capacity and grid resilience.

 

2. National Consumer Day 2025 Highlights Digital Justice Push: National Consumer Day is observed across India on December 24 every year to underline the importance of consumer rights and effective consumer protection. The day marks the anniversary of the President’s assent to the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, which laid the foundation for a structured consumer rights regime in the country. Over the years, the observance has evolved into a platform to assess reforms, promote awareness and strengthen grievance redressal mechanisms. In 2025, National Consumer Day is guided by the theme “Efficient and Speedy Disposal through Digital Justice”. The theme reflects India’s growing emphasis on technology-enabled consumer grievance redressal systems that ensure accessibility, transparency and faster outcomes. The observance highlights responsible consumer behaviour while encouraging institutions to adopt modern, citizen-centric practices.

 

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. Piramal Finance to Sell 14.72% Stake in Shriram Life Insurance to Sanlam for ₹600 Crore: Piramal Finance has signed a share purchase agreement to sell its entire 14.72% equity stake in Shriram Life Insurance Company Ltd (SLIC) to Sanlam Emerging Markets (Mauritius) Ltd for ₹600 crore.The deal is expected to be completed by the quarter ending March 31, 2026, subject to necessary regulatory approvals, including clearance from IRDAI.SLIC contributed ₹12.68 crore to Piramal Finance’s FY25 revenue, accounting for just 0.12% of its total revenue, mainly through dividend income.

 

2. MUFG Bank to Acquire 20% Stake in Shriram Finance for ₹39,618 Crore in India’s Largest Financial Services FDI: Shriram Finance has entered into definitive agreements with Japan’s MUFG Bank for a ₹39,618 crore ($4.4 billion) investment to acquire a 20% stake via a preferential share issue, marking India’s largest FDI in a financial services company.MUFG will be allotted over 471 million shares at ₹840.93 per share and will have the right to appoint two nominee directors to Shriram Finance’s board.The transaction may lead to a credit rating upgrade for Shriram Finance and provides MUFG a clear pathway to gradually acquire a controlling stake, subject to RBI approvals, including a $200 million non-compete fee signalling long-term strategic intent.

 

3. Airtel Payments Bank Enables EV Wallet Recharges via Bharat Connect on Airtel Thanks App: Airtel Payments Bank, in partnership with NPCI Bharat BillPay, has enabled electric vehicle (EV) wallet recharges on the Airtel Thanks app through the Bharat Connect (BBPS) platform.The facility allows users to instantly top up EV charging point operator (CPO) wallets linked with Bharat Connect, eliminating the need to use multiple operator-specific apps and ensuring secure, interoperable payments.Customers can recharge EV wallets by selecting the “Recharge EV” option in the Airtel Thanks app, entering their registered mobile number and amount, with instant credit to the EV wallet across India.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Chennai Team Wins Global Honour at NASA’s 2025 Space Apps Challenge with Satellite Internet Innovation: An Indian team’s satellite internet concept emerged as a global winner of NASA’s 2025 International Space Apps Challenge. The Chennai-based team, Photonics Odyssey, proposed a sovereign, phased-array satellite internet infrastructure to expand broadband access across remote regions and won the Most Inspirational Award.The project aims to reduce ground dependency and help connect more than 700 million people in India who currently lack access to broadband connectivity. The winning team members, according to NASA Space Apps, are Manish D., M. K., Prasanth G., Rajalingam N., Rashi M., and Sakthi R.The 2025 edition of its flagship global hackathon brought together more than 1 lakh 14 thousand participants across 5 hundred and 51 local events in 1 hundred and 67 countries and territories.

 

Daily GK Update- 22nd Dec, 2025

 

NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. Good Governance Week 2025 Launched with ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’ to Strengthen Grassroots Governance: Good Governance Week 2025 has been launched by the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) and will be observed from 19 to 25 December 2025, with guidelines released by DARPG Secretary Rachna Shah.The nationwide ‘Prashasan Gaon Ki Ore’ campaign remains the core initiative, aiming to strengthen grassroots outreach, grievance redressal, and public service delivery through district administrations.Under the campaign, district collectors will organise special camps at the tehsil, block, and panchayat levels to directly engage with citizens.The campaign is being conducted in two phases—a preparatory phase (11–18 December) and an implementation phase (19–25 December), with district-level dissemination workshops on 23 December 2025 focusing on District @100 and good governance initiatives.

 

2. MSME Ministry Implements NSSH Scheme to Boost SC/ST Entrepreneurship and Public Procurement Participatio: The Ministry of MSME is implementing the National Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Hub (NSSH) Scheme to promote entrepreneurship among SC/ST communities and ensure 4% mandatory public procurement from SC/ST MSEs under the Public Procurement Policy.The scheme provides multi-dimensional support through capacity building, market linkage initiatives, Special Vendor Development Programmes (SVDPs), awareness workshops, subsidies on plant & machinery, and financial assistance for the Single Point Registration Scheme.Under the Special Marketing Assistance component, SC/ST entrepreneurs are supported to participate in domestic and international exhibitions; 3,929 entrepreneurs have been facilitated in domestic exhibitions at a cost of ₹36.41 crore over the last 7 years.To enhance outreach, the NSSH Scheme conducts conclaves, SVDPs, and awareness workshops across the country and leverages social media platforms for wider dissemination among the target beneficiaries.

 

3. GI-Tagged Indi Lime from Karnataka Enters Oman Market with First Export Shipment: GI-tagged Indi Lime from Vijayapura, Karnataka entered the Oman market with its first export shipment of 3 metric tonnes, boosting India’s agricultural exports.As part of market diversification, 350 kg of Indi Lime was also flagged off for export to the United Kingdom, taking the total exports to nearly 12.35 MTs from the district.The export to Oman gains importance following the India–Oman CEPA/FTA, which aims to strengthen bilateral trade and enhance market access for Indian agricultural products.

 

4. DDWS Organises Second Edition of Sujal Gram Samvad to Strengthen Rural Water Governance: The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti organised the second edition of Sujal Gram Samvad to enhance rural water governance.Sujal Gram Samvad provides a direct communication platform between the Union Government and rural communities, enabling villagers to share their experiences and feedback on the Har Ghar Jal missionThe event was attended by Union Minister Shri C.R. Patil and Minister of State V. Somanna, along with village sarpanchs, Gram Panchayat members, Jal Jeevan Mission beneficiaries, women groups, students, and community leaders.The first edition, held on 18 November 2025, successfully covered 12 States and Union Territories in 12 different languages, highlighting its inclusive and participatory approach.

 

5. Uttar Pradesh to Establish India’s First Dedicated Forest University in Gorakhpur: Uttar Pradesh will establish India’s first dedicated Forest University in Gorakhpur, focusing on forestry, wildlife, and environmental sciences, marking a historic step in specialised education and research.The 125-acre campus is strategically located near the Jatayu Conservation and Breeding Centre, providing opportunities for field-based learning and applied research in natural ecosystems.The university will offer academic programmes in forestry, agroforestry, social forestry, horticulture, wildlife studies, ecology, climate change, and environmental sustainability, with strong emphasis on practical exposure.UP government allocated ₹50 crore in the 2024 budget for preliminary work; the campus will include hostels, laboratories, classrooms, an auditorium, sports facilities, and faculty housing, making it a national hub for forest education and conservation training.

 

6. 22 December – National Mathematics Day: National Mathematics Day is celebrated in India on 22nd December every year to honour the birth anniversary of the legendary mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan.The day recognises Ramanujan’s outstanding contributions to mathematical research, including number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions.It aims to promote awareness and interest in mathematics among students, educators, and the general public across the country.

 

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India and Netherlands Set Up Joint Trade and Investment Committee to Boost Bilateral Economic Ties: India and the Netherlands have established the India–Netherlands Joint Trade and Investment Committee (JTIC) through an MoU, marking a key step toward strengthening bilateral trade, investment, and economic cooperation.The JTIC will act as a formal institutional mechanism for regular dialogue to review trade relations, promote two-way investments, address trade and investment barriers, and explore cooperation in priority sectors.As per the MoU, the JTIC will meet annually, with meetings held alternately in India and the Netherlands, ensuring sustained and structured engagement.

 

2. Armenia Unveils ‘Yerevan Blue Butterfly’ as Official Logo for COP17 Biodiversity Conference: Armenia unveiled the official logo for COP17, featuring the ‘Yerevan Blue Butterfly’ (Polyommatus eriwanensis), a species endemic to the Yerevan region.The logo is accompanied by the slogan “Taking action for nature”, highlighting the conference’s emphasis on implementation over commitments in biodiversity conservation.COP17, scheduled for October 2026, will conduct the first global review of the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, with the logo’s 23 blended colours symbolising its 23 biodiversity targets.

 

3. MEA Secretary P. Kumaran Highlights India’s Civilizational Values at 11th UNAOC in Riyadh: MEA Secretary (East) P. Kumaran led the Indian delegation at the 11th United Nations Alliance of Civilisations (UNAOC) held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and delivered India’s national statement at the High-Level Meeting of the Group of Friends of UNAOC.He highlighted India’s civilizational values and global outlook, invoking the principles of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (the world as one family) and Sarva Dharma Samabhav, emphasising equal respect for all religions.The 11th UNAOC, hosted by Saudi Arabia, marked two decades of dialogue under the theme “Two Decades of Dialogue for Humanity Advancing a New Era of Mutual Respect and Understanding in a Multipolar World” and also commemorated the 20th anniversary of UNAOC, established in 2005.

 

4. India Assumes BRICS Presidency 2026 as Brazil Hands Over Leadership: Brazil formally concluded its BRICS presidency in 2025 and officially handed over the rotating BRICS leadership to India for 2026 at a Sherpas meeting in Brasília, marking the transition of chairship within the bloc.The transition ceremony included a review of Brazil’s achievements under its presidency and a presentation of India’s planned priorities for the upcoming BRICS agenda.The presidency handover positions India to host the 18th BRICS Summit in 2026, furthering its role in shaping strategic cooperation among emerging economies. India will officially assume the chair on January 1, 2026.

 

5. 20 December – International Human Solidarity Day: International Human Solidarity Day is observed every year on 20 December to promote unity, cooperation, and collective responsibility among nations and people.Theme 2025 – Uniting Communities for a Shared FutureThe day highlights solidarity as a core value for achieving sustainable development, poverty eradication, and social justice worldwide.It emphasizes supporting vulnerable and marginalized communities, especially in developing and least-developed countries.

 

6. 21 December – World Saree Day: World Saree Day is celebrated on 21st December to honour and promote the rich cultural heritage of the saree, one of India’s most iconic traditional garments.The day highlights the craftsmanship, regional diversity, and artistry involved in saree weaving across India.It encourages people globally to appreciate, wear, and celebrate the saree, fostering cultural pride and preserving this timeless tradition.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Trump Announces ‘Trump-class’ Battleships for US Navy: US President Donald Trump has announced plans for a new class of heavily armed warships that will bear his name, signalling an ambitious push to expand and modernise the United States Navy. The proposal, unveiled at Trump’s Mar-a-Lago residence in Florida, marks a rare move, as US naval vessels are typically named after leaders only after they have left office. According to the president, the initial plan involves the construction of two Trump-class warships, with scope for the programme to expand further. Trump described the vessels as among the “most lethal surface warfare ships” ever built by the US and claimed they would be the largest battleships in American history. The proposed ships are expected to displace between 30,000 and 40,000 tonnes, making them significantly larger than current US destroyers and cruisers, though still smaller than the retired Iowa-class battleships.

 

2. India Nears $450 Million BrahMos Missile Export Deals with Vietnam and Indonesia: India has moved closer to finalising major defence export agreements with Vietnam and Indonesia for the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, marking a significant milestone in New Delhi’s expanding defence diplomacy in Southeast Asia. The proposed deals, together valued at over ₹4,000 crore (around $450 million), underscore India’s growing role as a supplier of advanced weapon systems to friendly countries. The BrahMos missile is jointly developed by India and Russia, making Moscow’s consent essential for third-country exports. Russia has conveyed that it has no objection to India supplying the missile systems to Vietnam and Indonesia. This assurance was communicated during a delegation-level meeting between Indian defence minister Rajnath Singh and his Russian counterpart Andrei Belousov earlier this month. A formal no-objection certificate from Russia is now awaited, after which the contracts can be formally signed.

 

3. GRSE Delivers Fifth Warship to Navy in 2025: Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers (GRSE) has delivered its fifth warship to the Indian Navy this year, reinforcing India’s indigenous shipbuilding capacity and maritime preparedness. The latest delivery underlines the shipyard’s sustained production momentum and its central role in strengthening national defence capabilities. The Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) “Anjadip”, the third vessel in a planned series of eight, was handed over to the Navy at Chennai Port. Designed and built indigenously by Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers, “Anjadip” is the 115th warship constructed by the shipyard and the 77th delivered to the Indian Navy. The vessel was formally accepted by the Eastern Naval Command.

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. PM2.5: Why breathing Mumbai’s air is a health risk even for non-smokers: For decades, lung disease in India was largely viewed as a smoker’s problem. That assumption is rapidly collapsing. Doctors now warn that even lifelong non-smokers are developing chronic respiratory and heart conditions, driven not by personal habits but by the air they breathe every day. Mumbai’s winter pollution offers a stark illustration of how fine particulate matter — especially PM2.5 — has turned routine breathing into a long-term health risk. This winter, Mumbai has recorded marginally better Air Quality Index (AQI) readings compared to some previous years. Yet doctors and air-quality researchers caution against complacency. Beneath relatively reassuring AQI numbers, PM2.5 concentrations have remained persistently high across several parts of the city.

PM2.5 pollution tends to worsen in winter as cooler temperatures, calm winds, and temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground. Vehicular emissions, construction dust, industrial activity, waste burning, and secondary chemical reactions in the atmosphere combine to create a toxic mix that lingers over the city — often invisible, but deeply harmful.

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. ADB Commits USD 4.26 Billion in Sovereign Loans to India for Renewable Energy, Urban Development, and Healthcare in 2025: The Asian Development Bank (ADB) committed USD 4.258 billion in sovereign lending to India in 2025, supporting projects in skills development, renewable energy, urban infrastructure, metro expansion, healthcare, and ecotourism.32% of ADB’s 16 newly committed projects focus on human and social development, 26% on energy (mainly renewable energy), and over 18% on urban development.Key initiatives include USD 650 million for PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana (rooftop solar adoption), USD 460 million to Maharashtra for rural power modernisation, and USD 398.8 million to Assam for healthcare and medical education.Additional loans include over USD 200 million to Meghalaya and Uttarakhand for ecotourism development; ADB, founded in 1966, is a multilateral development bank owned by 69 members supporting sustainable growth across Asia-Pacific.

 

2. Piramal Finance to Sell Entire 14.72% Stake in Shriram Life Insurance for ₹600 Crore: Piramal Finance Ltd will sell its entire 14.72% equity stake in Shriram Life Insurance (SLI) to Sanlam Emerging Markets (Mauritius) Ltd (SEMM) for around ₹600 crore.The transaction is expected to be completed by the quarter ending March 31, 2026, subject to regulatory approvals.SEMM is a 100% subsidiary of the Sanlam Group, a leading pan-African financial services group headquartered in South Africa with operations in over 30 countries, including India.

 

3. RBI Imposes ₹61.95 Lakh Penalty on Kotak Mahindra Bank for Regulatory Lapses: RBI imposed a monetary penalty of ₹61.95 lakh on Kotak Mahindra Bank for non-compliance with multiple regulatory norms.The violations relate to Basic Savings Bank Deposit (BSBD) accounts, Business Correspondents (BCs) guidelines, and provisions of the Credit Information Companies (CIC) Rules, 2006.The penalty was levied through an order dated December 11, 2025, for failure to adhere to RBI’s directions on access to banking services and permitted BC activities.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Advocate Shubham Awasthi Receives 40 Under 40 Lawyer Award: Advocate Shubham Awasthi, a practising lawyer at the Supreme Court of India, has been honoured with the prestigious 40 Under 40 Lawyer Award 2025, recognising his professional excellence and humanitarian contributions. The award places him among the most promising legal professionals shaping India’s contemporary legal landscape. The award was conferred during the 6th Edition of the BW Legal World 40 Under 40 Lawyers and Legal Influencers Awards 2025, held in New Delhi. The event brought together senior advocates, policymakers, Additional Solicitors General of India, and former judges of the Delhi High Court. The platform celebrated merit-based recognition across diverse legal domains, including corporate advisory, dispute resolution, regulatory practice, technology transactions, and cross-border mandates.

 

Daily GK Update- 21st Dec, 2025

 

NATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. India Post Launches Karnataka’s First Gen Z-Themed Post Office at Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru: India Post unveiled Karnataka’s first Gen Z-themed post office at Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, aimed at engaging the younger generation and reimagining the role of post offices in the digital age.The post office includes colourful interiors, full Wi-Fi, selfie points, student-designed decor, reading areas, cafe-style seating, wellness spaces, and a physiotherapy lab, making it a social and functional hub for students.The initiative reflects India Post’s transition from traditional services like letters and money orders to digital banking, logistics, and e-commerce, showcasing its nationwide transformation to align with modern business models and youth engagement.

 

2. PM Unveils Assam Fertiliser Project for 2030 Commissioning: Prime Minister Narendra Modi has laid the foundation stone for a ₹10,601-crore ammonia–urea fertiliser plant in Assam’s Dibrugarh district, marking a major industrial push for the northeast. The project, undertaken by the newly incorporated Assam Valley Fertiliser and Chemical Company Ltd (AVFCCL), aims to revive the region’s legacy of fertiliser production through modern, energy-efficient technology. The plant is being developed within the existing premises of Brahmaputra Valley Fertiliser Corporation Ltd. It will have an annual urea production capacity of 12.7 lakh metric tonnes. The government expects commissioning by 2030. Officials describe the project as a transformative step in strengthening India’s fertiliser security and reducing dependence on imports. The Centre states that the new facility will generate thousands of direct and indirect employment opportunities. Ancillary sectors, including repair services, logistics, and supply chains, are also expected to expand. Faster local production is projected to lower logistic costs and improve fertiliser availability for farmers across Assam and neighbouring states.

 

3. CSIR–CFTRI Advances Annatto Research and Post-Harvest Technologies: The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has highlighted significant progress in annatto research and technology development through its constituent laboratory, the CSIR–Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR–CFTRI), Mysuru. These initiatives focus on value addition, post-harvest processing, and diversified food and non-food applications of annatto, a natural colourant crop with growing industrial relevance. CSIR–CFTRI undertook four Grant-in-Aid projects related to annatto research and development. Of these, three projects received funding from the Ministry of Food Processing Industries, while one was supported by the Department of Biotechnology. In addition, the institute is a participant in the CSIR Mission Mode project “Bioresource Conservation & Prospection (CSIR-BioCap)”, which aims to develop Vitamin-E enriched annatto oil for food, cosmetic, and allied applications. The institute has developed and successfully demonstrated key post-harvest technologies for annatto. These include an annatto dye preparation process using batch-type percolation and counter-current extraction with selective solvents, followed by solvent recovery and vacuum dehydration to obtain crystal-like dye.

INTERNATIONAL UPDATES:

 

1. MLFF Tolling System to Go Nationwide by End of 2026: The Union Government plans to complete the nationwide rollout of the multi-lane free flow (MLFF) tolling system along with artificial intelligence-based highway management by the end of 2026. The initiative aims to eliminate waiting time at toll plazas and significantly enhance travel efficiency on national highways. Union Road Transport and Highways Minister Nitin Gadkari informed the Rajya Sabha that the MLFF system will allow vehicles to pass through toll points without stopping. The objective is to reduce waiting time at toll plazas to zero minutes. Under the new system, vehicles will be able to cross toll locations at speeds of up to 80 kilometres per hour, ensuring uninterrupted traffic flow and improved commuter convenience. The MLFF tolling mechanism will operate through an integrated technology framework. It will combine artificial intelligence-based number plate recognition, satellite tracking, and FASTag integration to automatically identify vehicles and deduct toll charges. This digital approach is designed to ensure seamless toll collection while minimising manual intervention and errors.

 

2. Singapore Changi Airport Named World’s Best International Airport 2025: Singapore Changi Airport has been voted the best international airport in the world for 2025 at India’s Best Awards, organised by Travel+Leisure. The recognition reflects strong global traveller preference, with readers ranking Changi highest for overall travel experience, comfort, and facilities among international airports. The honour was announced during the 14th edition of India’s Best Awards, which celebrates excellence across the global travel and hospitality sector. Winners are chosen through an online voting process involving readers from across the world. Categories span airports, airlines, hotels, cruises, and destinations, making the results a direct indicator of traveller satisfaction. Changi Airport’s top ranking highlights its consistent appeal to international passengers. Changi Airport was recognised for offering more than efficient connectivity. Its sky-lit terminals, indoor gardens, and open architectural design create a calm and spacious environment. 

 

3. PM Modi Pays Tribute at Adwa Victory Monument in Ethiopia: Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday paid homage at the Adwa Victory Monument in Addis Ababa, commemorating Ethiopia’s landmark victory in the 1896 Battle of Adwa. The visit highlighted India’s respect for Africa’s anti-colonial legacy and underscored the deepening strategic and historical ties between India and Ethiopia. The Battle of Adwa in 1896 marked a decisive Ethiopian victory over Italian colonial forces and became a powerful symbol of African resistance to colonial domination. It safeguarded Ethiopia’s sovereignty at a time when much of the continent was under foreign rule. The Adwa Victory Monument stands as a national and continental reminder of unity, courage, and self-determination, resonating far beyond Ethiopia’s borders. The Adwa Victory Monument is a modern commemorative complex that celebrates Ethiopia’s triumph and broader freedom struggles. It houses a museum displaying historical artefacts, weapons, and detailed dioramas depicting the battle. The complex also includes conference halls, an amphitheatre, and a library, serving as a centre for culture, research, and tourism. During his visit, Prime Minister Modi toured the Adwa Museum, where officials briefed him on Ethiopia’s history and the enduring relevance of the Adwa victory.

 

OTHER UPDATES:

DEFENCE

 

1. Operation Hawkeye Strike Targets ISIS in Syria: The United States has launched Operation Hawkeye Strike, a coordinated series of airstrikes against Islamic State (ISIS) targets in Syria. The action follows the killing of three Americans in a December attack in the Syrian desert and marks a significant escalation in US military retaliation against the extremist group. Washington has described the strikes as a direct response aimed at deterring further attacks on US personnel. The operation was prompted by a December 13 assault attributed to ISIS, which resulted in the deaths of two members of the Iowa National Guard and a US civilian interpreter. The victims were part of a broader American deployment operating alongside coalition forces in eastern Syria. Following confirmation of the attack, US officials blamed ISIS cells active in remote desert regions, despite sustained counter-terrorism pressure over recent years. Operation Hawkeye Strike involved advanced US air assets, including F-15 Eagle fighter jets, A-10 Thunderbolt II attack aircraft, and AH-64 Apache helicopters. According to US officials, multiple ISIS strongholds were hit in precision strikes aimed at degrading leadership, logistics, and operational capabilities.

 

SPORTS

 

1. U19 Asia Cup Final: Pakistan Defeated India by 191 Runs: India suffered a crushing defeat against Pakistan in the Under-19 Asia Cup final in Dubai, folding for just 156 while chasing a daunting target of 348. Pakistan’s emphatic 191-run victory sealed their first outright Men’s U19 Asia Cup title and marked a historic moment for their youth cricket programme.: Batting first, Pakistan Under-19 posted an imposing 347 for 8 in 50 overs. Opener Sameer Minhas delivered a sensational performance, smashing 172 off 113 balls. His innings included 17 fours and nine sixes, reflecting complete dominance over the Indian bowling attack. Pakistan maintained momentum throughout, refusing to allow India any sustained control in the field. India Under-19 began the chase with early intent, scoring 32 runs in the first two overs. However, the innings collapsed rapidly. India slumped to 49 for 3 inside five overs, losing both openers and the number three batter cheaply. The required run rate and relentless pressure proved too much, with wickets falling at regular intervals and no meaningful partnerships forming.

 

 

 

 

 

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

 

1. MY Bharat Launches Dedicated Portal for Republic Day Celebrations–2026 Youth Competitions: The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, through the MY Bharat Portal, has launched a special webpage to host national-level youth competitions as part of Republic Day Celebrations–2026.The initiative includes Essay Writing, Painting, and Slogan/Signature competitions, aimed at fostering patriotism, creativity, and civic engagement among youth nationwide.Prize money has been announced for top performers, and selected participants will get an opportunity to attend and take part in the Republic Day Celebrations–2026 Parade.

 

2. James Webb Discovers Lemon-Shaped Exoplanet Near Pulsar: The James Webb Space Telescope has revealed one of the most extreme and unusual worlds ever detected beyond the Solar System. Located about 2,000 light-years from Earth, the exoplanet PSR J2322-2650b displays a striking lemon-like shape, challenging long-held assumptions about planetary structure and survival in hostile cosmic environments. PSR J2322-2650b orbits a millisecond pulsar, the ultra-dense remnant of a collapsed star. Unlike typical planets that circle luminous stars, this world revolves around an object roughly the mass of the Sun but compressed to the size of a city. The planet completes one orbit in just 7.8 hours at a distance of nearly one million miles, exposing it to intense gravity and relentless radiation. The close orbit subjects the Jupiter-sized planet to extreme heating. Observations indicate temperatures of about 3,700°F on the side facing the pulsar, while the far side remains near 1,200°F. These enormous temperature differences and gravitational forces stretch the planet along its orbit, producing its distinctive lemon-like appearance through powerful tidal deformation.

 

3. BlueBird Satellite Launch Set for December 24: India’s heavy-lift launch vehicle LVM-3 is set to place a major US commercial satellite into orbit on December 24, marking another milestone in the country’s expanding role in global space commerce. The mission will be executed by NewSpace India Limited under a commercial agreement, highlighting India’s growing credibility as a launch service provider for high-mass foreign satellites. Indian Space Research Organisation has confirmed that the LVM3-M6 mission will lift off at 8.54 am from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre. The mission was initially planned for mid-December but was rescheduled to December 24 following internal readiness assessments. The launch will place the BlueBird Block-2 satellite, also referred to as BlueBird-6, into low Earth orbit. NewSpace India Limited is responsible for executing the launch under a commercial contract. While the PSLV has historically been India’s workhorse for foreign satellite launches, the LVM-3 has emerged as a platform for heavier payloads. Its commercial debut in 2022 demonstrated India’s capability to launch satellites weighing well over five tonnes, expanding its addressable market in the global launch sector.

 

 

 

 

BANKING AND FINANCE

 

1. SBI to Sign €150 Million Credit Line with KfW for Climate-Friendly Energy Projects: SBI will sign a €150 million credit line with KfW, Germany’s development bank, in Frankfurt to finance climate-friendly energy generation projects.The facility, structured as Phase-2 of the SBI–KfW arrangement, will see SBI act as the lending intermediary for eligible projects aligned with climate and sustainability goals.The funds are intended for renewable and low-emission energy projects, supporting India’s climate objectives through long-term development financing.

 

2. Amazon Pay Launches UPI Biometric Authentication for Faster, PIN-Free Transactions: Amazon Pay introduces UPI Biometric Authentication, allowing users to approve UPI transactions using fingerprint or face recognition without entering a PIN.The feature covers transactions up to ₹5,000 across Amazon Pay UPI services, including peer-to-peer transfers, merchant payments, in-store QR payments, and balance checks.Biometric authentication is linked to the user’s device, ensuring added security as biometric data cannot be shared, while simplifying and speeding up payments.Early adoption shows strong acceptance, with over 90% of users opting for biometric verification, currently available for Android devices, aiming to make digital payments faster and more convenient.

 

AWARDS AND HONOURS

 

1. Air India Retains Best Domestic Airline Title at Travel + Leisure Awards 2025: Air India has been named Best Domestic Airline at the Travel + Leisure India and South Asia’s Best Awards 2025 for the second consecutive year, based on reader votes reflecting passenger feedback.The award highlights Air India’s focus on comfort, service quality, and consistency, and acknowledges the efforts of frontline staff delivering services across airports and onboard flights.In 2026, Air India is set to receive six new widebody aircraft (B787-9 and A350-1000), with plans for 96% of narrowbody fleet and nearly 60% of widebody fleet to be new or upgraded by the end of 2026.Customer-Centric Improvements: The airline continues to focus on gradual operational enhancements as part of its long-term strategy to strengthen customer experience and overall service quality.

 

2. Haryana Assembly Honours Guru Tegh Bahadur’s 350th Martyrdom Year: The Haryana Legislative Assembly unanimously passed a resolution to commemorate the 350th martyrdom year of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji on the first day of its winter session in Chandigarh. The resolution reflected collective respect for the Ninth Sikh Guru, revered for his supreme sacrifice in defence of truth, religious freedom, and human dignity. Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini said Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s life represents the moral conscience of Indian civilisation and its refusal to bow before injustice. Addressing the House, the chief minister recalled that the proposal for state-wide observance of the 350th martyrdom year had earlier been approved unanimously on August 25. He said the commemoration was not merely ceremonial but rooted in Haryana’s commitment to honour spiritual and historical legacies that shaped the nation’s values. Members across party lines endorsed the resolution, underlining the Guru’s universal relevance beyond religious boundaries.